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Chapters: Ptolemy, Diophantus, Caleb Gattegno, Ibn Yunus, Ahmes, Abū Kāmil Shujā Ibn Aslam, Ahmed Ibn Yusuf, Fahmy Ibrahim Mikhail, Ibrahim Fahmy Ibrahim Mikhail. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 52. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; c. AD 90 c. 168), known in English as Ptolemy (pronounced ), was a Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer and a poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology . He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. He died in Alexandria around AD 168. Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, , "The Great Treatise", originally , "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos ( "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day. The name Claudius is a Roman nomen; the fact that Ptolemy bore it proves that he was a Roman citizen. It would have suited custom if the first of Ptolemy's family who became a citizen (whether it was he or an ancestor) took the nomen from a Roman called Claudius, who was in some sense responsible for granting citizenship. If, as was not uncommon, this Roman was the emperor, the citizenship would have been granted between AD 41 and 68 (when C...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=23979 ... Read more

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Chapters: Posidonius, Domninus of Larissa, Ahmed Ibn Yusuf, Philonides of Laodicea, Abu'l-Hasan Al-Uqlidisi. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 29. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Posidonius (Greek: / Poseidonios) "of Apameia" ( ) or "of Rhodes" ( ) (ca. 135 BCE - 51 BCE), was a Greek Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian and teacher native to Apamea, Syria. He was acclaimed as the greatest polymath of his age. None of his vast body of work can be read in its entirety today, as it exists only in fragments. Posidonius, nicknamed "the Athlete", was born to a Greek family in Apamea, a Hellenistic city on the river Orontes in northern Syria, and probably died in Rome or Rhodes. Posidonius completed his higher education in Athens, where he was a student of the aged Panaetius, the head of the Stoic school. He settled around 95 BCE in Rhodes, a maritime state which had a reputation for scientific research, and became a citizen. In Rhodes, Posidonius actively took part in political life, and his high standing is apparent from the offices he held. He attained the highest public office as one of the Prytaneis (presidents, having a six months tenure) of Rhodes. He served as an ambassador to Rome in 87 - 86 BCE, during the Marian and Sullan era. Along with other Greek intellectuals, Posidonius favored Rome as the stabilizing power in a turbulent world. His connections to the Roman ruling class was for him not only politically important and sensible but was also important to his scientific researches. His entry into government provided Posidonius with powerful connections to facilitate his travels to far away places, even beyond Roman control. After he had established himself in Rhodes, Posidonius made one or more journeys traveling throughout the Roman world and even b...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=87868 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Ibn Taymiyyah, Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Aala Hazrat, Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, Malik Ibn Anas, Mohammed Daniel, Hamid Bin Ahmad Al-Rifaie, Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Muhammad Ibn Idris Ash-Shafi`i, Ajmal Masroor, Ibn Al-Salah, Murat Yusuf, Sa'id Ibn Jubayr, Abdel-Halim Mahmoud, Muhammad Al-Shaybani, Safwat Al-Shwadfy, Al-Hasan Ibn 'ali Al-Barbahari, Sheikh Mansur, Zakaria Badat, Saud Al-Shuraim, Urwah Ibn Zubayr, Sarakhsi, Mohammed Asrarullah Hussaini, Mustafa Al-Maraghi, Muqatil Ibn Sulayman. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Yusuf al-Qaradawi (Arabic: ; born September 9, 1926) is an Egyptian Muslim scholar and Islamist preacher. He is best known for his program, ash-Shariah wal-Hayat ("Shariah and Life") on Al Jazeera that has an estimated audience of 40 million worldwide, and for IslamOnline, a popular website that he helped found in 1997. He has also published more than 80 books, including The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam and Islam: The Future Civilization. He is the winner of eight international prizes for his scholarly contributions and is considered one of the most influential Islamic scholars living today. He has long had one of the more prominent roles within the thought leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood, but twice turned down offers for the official directorship role of the organization, in 1976 and 2004. He is a trustee of the Oxford University Center for Islamic Studies and has been named as the technical consultant for a multi-million dollar epic movie in English on Muhammad produced by Barrie Osborne. A 2008 Foreign Policy poll put him at No.3 in the list of the Top 20 Public Intellectuals worldwide. Some of his views have been controversial in the West and he is banned from entering the USA and UK. Qarada...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=457803 ... Read more