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Callippus:     more detail

Orations Against Macartatus, Leochares, Stephanus I, Stephanus Ii, Euergus and Mnesibulus, Olympiodorus, Timothens, Polycles, Callippus, Nicostratus, Conon, ... and for the Naval Crown, the Funeral Orati by Demosthenes, 2010-02-23 300 Bc: 300 Bc Deaths, Eudemus of Rhodes, Callippus, Deidamia I of Epirus Orations Against Macartatus, Leochares, Stephanus I, Stephanus Ii, Euergus and Mnesibulus, Olympiodorus, Timothens, Polycles, Callippus, by Demosthenes, 2009-12-19 Callippus The Republic (Optimized for Kindle) by Plato, 2008-03-12

lists with details

1. The Internet Classics Archive | Against Callippus By Demosthenes
   Against callippus By Demosthenes Translated by Vince/DeWitt/Murray Thiswork is only provided via the Perseus Project at Tufts University.  
   http://classics.mit.edu/Demosthenes/dem.52.html

2. Perseus Update In Progress
   A Brief History of Time (with apologies to Stephen Hawkings) From Thales to callippus April 9, 1995 Table of Contents  
   http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Chris/TIME2.html

3. TMTh:: CALLIPPUS OF CYZICUS
   Home Ancient Greek Scientists AGRICULTURALISTS ARCHITECTS ARTISTS ASTRONOMERS BIOLOGISTS BOTANISTS CHEMISTS ENGINEERS GEOGRAPHERS INVENTORS MATHEMATICIANS METEOROLOGISTS PHARMACOLOGISTS PHYSICIANS PHYSICISTS ASTRONOMER callippus OF CYZICUS (fl. c.  
   http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/2/22.html
   
   Extractions: Callippus developed and perfected the system of concentric spheres proposed by Eudoxus, adding seven more spheres - one for each of the planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) and one each for the sun and the moon, both then considered planets - for a total of 34. He made detailed observations of the rising and setting of the fixed stars, especially the "dawn-risers" and "evening-setters". His calculation of the duration of the seasons - Spring 94 days, Summer 92, Autumn 89, Winter 90 - was accurate to within 0.08 - 0.44 days. He improved on Meton's 19-year luni-solar calendar, introducing the 76-year (4 x 19) cycle named after him, which skipped one day every 76 years, and gave a year of 365.25 days and a month of 29.53. His sole known work, "On the System of the Planets", is lost.

4. Meaning Of Callippus
   Dictionary entry for callippus  
   http://www.infoplease.com/ipd/A0359570.html

5. Science And Human Values - Plato
   Presents Plato's life and philosophies. Includes links to info about the Pythagoreans and Kepler. compromises with reality had to be made constantly, beginning shortly after Plato's death with Eudoxus and callippus.  
   http://www.rit.edu/~flwstv/plato.html
   
   Extractions: If Thales was the first of all the great Greek philosophers, Plato must remain the best known of all the Greeks. The original name of this Athenian aristocrat was Aristocles, but in his school days he received the nickname Platon (meaning "broad" ) because of his broad shoulders. (He is not the only great man to be known universally by a nickname. The Roman orator Cicero is another. ) Plato was born in Athens, about 427 B.C., and died there about 347 B.C. In early life Plato saw war service and had political ambitions. However, he was never really sympathetic to the Athenian democracy and he could not join wholeheartedly in its government. He was a devoted follower of Socrates, whose disciple he became in 409 B.C., and the execution of that philosopher by the democrats in 399 B.C. was a crushing blow. He left Athens, believing that until "kings were philosophers or philosophers were kin gs" things would never go well with the world. (He traced his descent from the early kings of Athens and perhaps he had himself in mind.) For several years he visited the Greek cities of Africa and Italy, absorbing

6. Callippus
   callippus of Cyzicus. Born about 370 BC in Cyzicus, Asia Minor (now Turkey) Diedabout 310 BC. We know that callippus was a student in the School of Eudoxus.  
   http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Callippus.html
   
   Extractions: The dates given for the birth and death of Callippus of Cyzicus are guesses but he is known to have been working with Aristotle in Athens starting in 330 BC. We know that Callippus was a student in the School of Eudoxus . We also know that he made his astronomical observations on the shores of the Hellespont, which can be deduced from the observations themselves. Simplicius writes in his commentary on De caelo by Aristotle (see for example [1]):- Callippus of Cyzicus, having studied with Polemarchus, Eudoxus ' pupil, following him to Athens dwelt with Aristotle , correcting and completing, with Aristotle 's help, the discoveries of Eudoxus Callippus made accurate determinations of the lengths of the seasons and constructed a 76 year cycle comprising 940 months to harmonise the solar and lunar years which was adopted in 330 BC and used by all later astronomers. This calendar of Callippus is examined in detail by van der Waerden in [6].

7. Callippus
   Biography of callippus (370BC310BC) callippus of Cyzicus. Born about 370 BC in Cyzicus, Asia Minor (now Turkey)  
   http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Callippus.html
   
   Extractions: The dates given for the birth and death of Callippus of Cyzicus are guesses but he is known to have been working with Aristotle in Athens starting in 330 BC. We know that Callippus was a student in the School of Eudoxus . We also know that he made his astronomical observations on the shores of the Hellespont, which can be deduced from the observations themselves. Simplicius writes in his commentary on De caelo by Aristotle (see for example [1]):- Callippus of Cyzicus, having studied with Polemarchus, Eudoxus ' pupil, following him to Athens dwelt with Aristotle , correcting and completing, with Aristotle 's help, the discoveries of Eudoxus Callippus made accurate determinations of the lengths of the seasons and constructed a 76 year cycle comprising 940 months to harmonise the solar and lunar years which was adopted in 330 BC and used by all later astronomers. This calendar of Callippus is examined in detail by van der Waerden in [6].

8. References For Callippus
   References for callippus. Biography The URL of this page is http//wwwhistory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/callippus.html.  
   http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Callippus.html

9. Callippus Of Cyzicus (ca. 370-ca. 300 BC) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scie
   Branch of Science " Astronomers Branch of Science " Philosophers Nationality " Greek callippus of Cyzicus (ca. 370ca. 300 BC) Greek philosopher who added more spheres to account for planetary motion, and specifically for the differing lengths of  
   http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Callippus.html

10. The Internet Classics Archive | Works By Demosthenes
    No comments Against Callicles Translated by Vince/DeWitt/Murray From the PerseusProject Read discussion No comments Against callippus Translated by Vince  
    http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Demosthenes.html

11. Callippus Of Cyzicus (ca. 370-ca. 300 BC) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scie
    About this site. Branch of Science , Astronomers v. Branch of Science , Philosophersv. Nationality , Greek v. callippus of Cyzicus (ca. 370ca. 300 BC),  
    http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Callippus.html

12. References For Callippus
    References for the biography of callippus References for callippus. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 19701990).  
    http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/References/Callippus.html

13. Calendar -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Astronomy
    Around 325 BC, callippus modified the calendar by noting that 4 19yearMetonic cycles with 940 months were very close to 27,759 days.  
    http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/Calendar.html
    
    Extractions: The ancient Egyptians began numbering their years when the star Sirius rose at the same place as the Sun . The Egyptian calendar was the first solar calendar and contained 365 days. These were divided into 12 30-day months and five days of festival (Neugebauer 1969). From astronomical calculations, Sirius and the Sun coincided in 4241 and 2773 BC, so either of these could have served as Egyptian Year 1. The calendar used by the ancient Greeks was based on the Moon , and is known as the Metonic calendar. This calendar was based on the observations of Meton of Athens (ca. 440 BC ), which showed that 235 lunar months made up almost exactly 19 solar years. This 19-year cycle became known as the Metonic cycle . However, given a nominal twelve-month year, an additional lunar months needed to be added to synchronize the cycle. These were added in years 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, and 19 of the cycle. Around 325 BC Callippus modified the calendar by noting that 4 19-year Metonic cycles with 940 months were very close to 27,759 days. This is called the Callipic cycle Hipparchus noted that an even more accurate cycle (now called the Hipparchic cycle ) consisted of four Callipic cycles less a day, in which

14. Perseus Update In Progress
    English translations of great Greek works by more than 30 authors. Read Aeschylus' "Eumenides " Aristophanes' "Lysistrata" and Homer's "Illiad." 51.1). Against callippus (Dem. 52.1). Against Nicostratus (Dem.  
    http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Texts/chunk_TOC.html

15. Callippus
    Click here to visit our sponsor callippus. 375BC to 315BC ? Start yoursearch on callippus. Other educational search engines Ask  
    http://www.virtualology.com/virtualpubliclibrary/hallofeducation/Mathematics/Cal
    
    Extractions: Unauthorized Site: This site and its contents are not affiliated, connected, associated with or authorized by the individual, family, friends, or trademarked entities utilizing any part or the subject’s entire name. Any official or affiliated sites that are related to this subject will be hyper linked below upon submission and Virtualology's review. 2000 by Virtualology TM . All rights reserved.

16. Mathematics
    AlKhwarizmi. Isaac Barrow. Johann Bernoulli. NIELS BOHR. Brahmagupta. callippus.Georg Cantor. Girolamo Cardano. Pietro Cataldi. Augustin Louis Cauchy. Arthur Cayley.  
    http://www.virtualology.com/virtualpubliclibrary/hallofeducation/Mathematics/

17. TMTh:: Ancient Greek Technologists
    OF CLAZOMENAE ANAXIMENES OF LAMPSACUS ANDRONICUS OF CYRRHUS ARATUS OF SOLI ARISTARCHUSOF SAMOS ARISTOTLE OF STAGIRA AUTOLYCUS OF PITANE callippus OF CYZICUS  
    http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/2.html

18. Science And Human Values - Aristotle
    Article introduces the life and teachings of Aristotle and identifies the contributions he made to science and ethics. He accepted the heavenly spheres of Eudoxus and callippus and even added further to them, reaching a total of 54.  
    http://www.rit.edu/~flwstv/aristotle1.html
    
    Extractions: Of the two great philosophers of Greece, Plato and Aristotle, the latter was the one who relied on observation. Raphael's The School of Athens shows the two great philosophers in the center of the painting, surrounded by the other great Greeks, with Plato holding his hand upright as if to indicate, "Look to the perfecti on of the heavens for truth," while Aristotle holds his arm straight out, implying "look around you at what is if you would know the truth." We shall look deeper in Aristotle's ideas below. Aristotle was born in Stagira (in northern Greece), 384 B.C. He died in Chalcis (on the Aegean island of Euboea, now Ewoia), 322 B.C. Inland from Stagira was the semi-Greek kingdom of Macedon, with which Aristotle's family was closely connected. Aristotle's father, for instance, had been court physician to the Macedonian king Amyntas II. Aristotle lost both parents while a child and was brought up by a friend of the family. He is supposed to have spoken with a lisp and to have been something of a dandy. At the age of seventeen Aristotle traveled to Athens for a college education and after Plato returned from Syracuse, the young man joined Plato's Academy, where he studied assiduously. Eventually he was to become by far the most renowned of all the pupils of Plato. Plato called him "the intelligence of the school."

19. Callippus Of Cyzicus (370 To 300 BCE)
    callippus of Cyzicus (370 to 300 BCE). callippus took the idea of concentricsphere proposed by Eudoxus and added a total of seven more spheres.  
    http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~devriepl/phy211/greeks/callippus.htm
    
    Extractions: Callippus of Cyzicus (370 to 300 BCE) Callippus was taught by Ptolemarchus (a friend of Eudoxus) and at the age of 40 he left Cyzicus in Asia Minor to study with Aristotle in Athens. His only written work, "On the System of Planets", has been lost forever. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Callippus.html

20. Matematikçiler
    callippus. Dogum m.ö 370, Cyzicus, Türkiye. Ölüm m.ö 310. callippus’un,Eudoxus’un okulunda ögrenci oldugu bilinmektedir.  
    http://www.sanalmatematik.com/d/m27.html
    
    Extractions: s a n a l m a t e m a t i k c o m kütüphane e -test yazýlar yarýþma ... linkler Callippus Doðum: m.ö 370, Cyzicus, Türkiye Ölüm: m.ö 310 Callippus’un, Eudoxus’un okulunda öðrenci olduðu bilinmektedir. Ayrýca Calippus’un astronomik gözlemlerini, Hellespont kýyýlarýnda yaptýðý da bilinmektedir. Callippus mevsimler hakkýnda bazý kesin zaman ölçümleri yapmýþ, ayrýca güneþ ve ay yýllarýný hesaplamýþtýr. Bu konuda 940 ayý içeren ve 76 yýl olan bir döngü bulmuþtur. Bu hesaplamalar kendisinden sonraki astronomi adamlarý tarafýndan kullanýlmýþtýr. Callippic periyod, m.ö 460’lý yýllarda doðmuþ olan Meton’un bulduðu metonik periyoda dayanýr. Meton’un gözlemleri m.ö 432 yýlýnda Atina’da yapýlmýþtýr ve Callipus’un hesaplarýndan biraz daha uzun olan bir yýl hesabý yapmýþtýr. Callippus, bazý gök cisimlerinin hareketini açýklamak amacýyla 34 küreli bir sistem kullanmýþtýr. Bu sistemde, Güneþ, Ay, Merkür, Venüs ve Mars’ýn beþer küresi, Jüpiter ve Satürn’ün ise dörder küresi mevcuttu. Ayný sisteme göre yýldýzlarýn bir küresi vardý.

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