41. Global Advisor Newsletter -The Languages And Writing Systems Of Africa Yoruba, Ibo and a number of indigenous languages are somalia, somali is the officiallanguage, but Arabic, English the south and Voltaicspeaking peoples in the http://www.intersolinc.com/newsletters/africa.htm

Global Advisor Newsletter Return to Newsletter Archives T he Languages and Writing Systems of Africa Country Language Script Algeria, Al Djazair, Algérie, (Democratic and Popular Republic of) Arabic, French and a Berber language. Arabic, Latin, Berber Angola, (Republic of) Portuguese is the official language, but a Bantu language is widely spoken. Latin, Bantu Benin, former kingdom, situated in present-day SW Nigeria French and Fon Latin, Fon Botswana, ( Republic of) English is the official language, but the population is mainly Tswana, who speak a Bantu language. Latin, Bantu Burkina Faso or Burkina, formerly Upper Volta French is the official language. Latin Burundi, Republic of Official languages are French and Kurundi (a Bantu language) Swahili is also spoken Latin, Bantu Cameroon (Cameroun) (Republic of) French and English are the official languages. Latin Central African Republic (Republique Centrafricaine) French is the official language, but Sango is the medium of communication among people who speak different languages. Latin Chad

42. Horn Of Africa's Problem Is The Legacy Of The Abysinian Empire the Europeansettler states, was indigenous centralist nationalism was similarly committedto somali nation unity the un-centralized, egalitarian peoples of the http://ogaden.com/horn_of_africa's legacy.htm

HORN OF AFRICA'S PROBLEM IS THE LEGACY OF THE ABYSINIAN EMPIRE STATE (ETHIOPIA). By Abdullahi M. Sadi Former First President of Somali Region (Ogadenia). Part 1 of 3 One who studies Abysinian feudal Empire State (Ethiopia) history will be compelled to arrive at the coming conclusion: The Abysinian feudal Empire State was the extension of the rule of the Abysinian people (Amhara and Tigray rulers). The Abysinian Empire regimes enslaved the whole Horn of Africa Nations and people, i.e. Somalis, Oromos, Afars, Eritrean, Sidamo and others. The causes of the present instability in the Horn of Africa are a combination of the legacy of Abysinian expansionist rule, its colonial legacy and European colonial intervention. The result of the colonization has produced continuos civil and national war, in Ethiopia, which has a history of despotic and dictatorial regimes. As a matter of fact, Ethiopia has never enjoyed democratic constitutional governments. Moreover, all the available indicators, illustrates that Ethiopia is one of the most backward countries in the world. The basic characteristics of Ethiopia socio-economics life are political instability, civil war, poverty, famine, and illiteracy.

43. Ethiopia Map Flag Description Three Equal Horizontal Bands Of Independence oldest independent country in africa and one inhabited by somali andOromo peoples; an invasion 197778 in support of indigenous somali rebels in http://www.gateway-africa.com/countries/ethiopia.html

Ethiopia Map: Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the pan-African colors Location: Eastern Africa, west of Somalia Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 38 00 E Climate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Independence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years Nationality: Ethiopian(s) Capital City: Addis Ababa Population: Head of State: President NEGASSO Gidada (since 22 August 1995) Area: 1,127,127 sq km Type of Government: federal republic Currency: 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents Major peoples: Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% Religion: Muslim 45%-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%, animist 12%, other 3%-8%

44. Land Resour Ce Management In Relation To Indigenous Peoples In Kenya Relation to indigenous peoples in Kenya indigenous peoples in Kenya include the. Maasai, the Samburu, the somali, the of conservation. indigenous peoples face several concerns http://www.itpcentre.org/KenyaIngles2.pdf

45. Indigenous Knowledge And Institutions Resource Values on indigenous peoples Are Nonmarket Valuation Resource Values on indigenous peoples Are Nonmarket Valuation Water Management in East africa.". african Affairs http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/INDIG.html

46. 100gogo Expedition Of Africa, Africa's Super Predators & Mammals Safari formerly known as NiloHamites), and the Cushitic-speaking somali and Oromo The otherindigenous groups are all Bantu-speaking peoples, originally from the http://www.100gogo.com/africa/

Africa - The Birthplace of Modern Humans You either love it or hate it . . . Africa Map Click here to see large map Introduction Features of Africa Africa is the second-largest continent , after Asia, covering 30,330,000 sq km; about 22% of the total land area of the Earth. It measures about 8,000 km from north to south and about 7,360 km from east to west. The highest point on the continent is Mt. Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Point - (5,963 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania. The lowest is Lake 'Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. The Forests cover about one-fifth of the total land area of the continent. The Woodlands, bush lands, grasslands and thickets occupy about two-fifth. And the Deserts and their extended margins have the remaining two-fifths of African land. World's longest river : The River Nile drains north-eastern Africa, and, at 6,650 km (4,132 mi), is the longest river in the world. It is formed from the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which originates at Lake Victoria. World's second largest lake : Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the is the world's second-largest freshwater lake - covering an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq mi) and lies 1,130 m (3,720 ft) above sea level. Its greatest known depth is 82 m (270 ft).

47. Directory :: Look.com summary of a group of indigenous mountain peoples of Ndut), Wolof, Moor, and Europeanpeoples and cultural somali A ethnography of this predominantly nomadic http://www.look.com/searchroute/directorysearch.asp?p=282106

48. Indigenous Peoples Under The Rule Of Islam from the tip of north west africa, all through the Since the 10 th century the Somalinomads have Gray, Andrew indigenous peoples at the United Nations The http://www.atour.com/government/docs/20010803a.html

Document loading, please wait... Religious Organizations Network Indigenous Peoples Under the Rule of Islam by Frederick P. Isaac Posted: Friday, August 3, 2001 04:53 PM CT Contents Preface Introduction PART I – THE UNSHEATHED SWORD Tourism and Terrorism, A Risky Venture Instability and Chaos of the so-called Rule of Law Suppression of Freedom The Ruinous Cyclone ... References PREFACE This book has been in the process of writing for over 10 years. Since I left Iraq in the summer of 1964 and my immigration from Kuwait in 1971, I have closely followed the events that have developed in the Islamic world. Being an Assyrian national, I found that life in Iraq was unbearably difficult due to my indigenous nationality. Nor were my experiences unique, but were instead shared by many other Assyrians from Iraq and other Islamic countries. The injustice of my personal experiences in Iraq, the sadness of having to leave my home country, and awareness that this was a common circumstance for many other Assyrians, left my mind pondering over the issue of the unrecognised plight of the Assyrian people Over the years while monitoring news and the general media on Islamic developments, I came to realise that the dire situation the Assyrians found themselves in was similar to many other indigenous peoples throughout the world under Islamic rule. This realisation led me to wonder as to why do such similarities occur in the experiences of indigenous people under Islamic rule.

49. Book Directory A major contribution to knowledge of the pastoral peoples of Ethiopia 1 874209 278 HB £19.95 A modern somali history from an indigenous perspective. http://www.haanbooks.co.uk/bkdirectorypg.htm

Website by HAAN Associates Publishing Haan Hallmark Titles Anthropology, Culture and Society Language as Culture Haan Hallmark Titles: Classic and standard works by leading scholars which have made significant contributions to scholarship. PEOPLES OF THE HORN OF AFRICA : Somali, Afar and Saho I.M. Lewis Haan's new edition in 1995 of this 'anthropology classic' was its first time in hardback. As well as including all earlier material from the 1955 and 1969 editions, it added appendices of previously unpublished matter. It is now also available in paperback. The work has established itself as a building block for all academic research on the Horn of Africa, especially on Somali society. Among its strengths are the impressive sweep of the ethnographic information, the bibliography which is exhaustive of English language, Italian, and French sources up to the late-1960s, and for the excellent fold-out map showing the distribution in the Horn of the groups of people spoken of. ISBN 1 874209 56 1 1995 238pp - HB ISBN 1 874209 82 1998 - PB "HEELLOY": Modern Poetry and Songs of Somalis

50. Choike : Human Rights Strengthening somali Civil Society The overall objectives of cultural heritage, humanand peoples' rights environmental issues and indigenous peoples' struggles http://www.choike.org/links/5/1/more6.html

Home People Society Environment ... En Español Choike: A Portal on Southern Civil Societies Home Society : Human Rights our directory NGO sites document.write(''); document.write('People'); document.write(description[0] + codigo[0]); document.write('Society'); document.write(description[1] + codigo[0]); document.write('Environment'); document.write(description[2] + codigo[0]); document.write('Communication'); document.write(description[3] + codigo[0]); document.write('Globalization'); document.write(description[4] + codigo[0]); document.write(''); feature Social Development - Thu Apr 10 2003 War on Iraq: the humanitarian crisis document.write(''); While it is too early to gauge the full extent of the devastation in Iraq, a leaked internal UN document written before hostilities erupted presents a grim picture of the likely humanitarian fallout from the conflict. recommended web sites Strengthening Somali Civil Society The overall objective of the project is the achievement of permanent respect for human rights, justice through rule of law, pluralism, good governance and sustainable peace in Somalia and Somaliland.

51. Choike : Human Rights Strengthening somali Civil Society The overall objectives of transition both in SouthAfrica and elsewhere eg untouchability) and the indigenous peoples as well http://www.choike.org/links/5/1/more4.html

Home People Society Environment ... En Español Choike: A Portal on Southern Civil Societies Home Society : Human Rights our directory NGO sites document.write(''); document.write('People'); document.write(description[0] + codigo[0]); document.write('Society'); document.write(description[1] + codigo[0]); document.write('Environment'); document.write(description[2] + codigo[0]); document.write('Communication'); document.write(description[3] + codigo[0]); document.write('Globalization'); document.write(description[4] + codigo[0]); document.write(''); feature Social Development - Thu Apr 10 2003 War on Iraq: the humanitarian crisis document.write(''); While it is too early to gauge the full extent of the devastation in Iraq, a leaked internal UN document written before hostilities erupted presents a grim picture of the likely humanitarian fallout from the conflict. recommended web sites Strengthening Somali Civil Society The overall objective of the project is the achievement of permanent respect for human rights, justice through rule of law, pluralism, good governance and sustainable peace in Somalia and Somaliland.

52. The More Things Cgange his concern over the plight of the indigenous peoples in his book or when US gun shipssavaged the somali population in of in the hearts of its peoples and in http://www.glob.co.zw/Editorial/more_things_cgange.htm

THE MORE THINGS CHANGE There is an old saying that goes -the more things change the more the remain the same. Recent reports filed out of Zimbabwe by Western correspondents state that Roman Catholic bishops 'condemn intimidation and violence' in Zimbabwe. This is significant in that a new front has been opened in the offensive against the ZANU-PF government which has proven to be a little more durable than its opponents expected. The Roman Catholic Church is the least qualified to speak of the 'rule of law' since it has almost single-handedly been responsible for the Western run and financed industry of slavery. When the Spanish adventurers set foot on the soil of the Western Hemisphere, they encountered vibrant civilizations and many peoples. Several accounts estimated the indigenous population in the fifteenth century in excess of sixty millions. In less than a century of contact with Europeans the indigenous population was reduced to about a third of its numbers. This devastation occurred as a combined result of disease, enslavement, murder and culture shock. Entire native communities were wiped out in Haiti, Cuba

53. References -- Working With Indigenous Knowledge traditional resource rights for indigenous peoples and local The value of indigenousknowledge in development programs concerning somali pastoralists and http://www.idrc.ca/books/847/Refs.html

IDRC Resources Books Catalogue ... Working with Indigenous Knowledge References Abbink, J. 1995. Medicinal and ritual plants of the Ethiopian Southwest: an account of recent research. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, 3(2). Online: http://www.nufficcs.nl/ciran/ikdm/. Adugna, G. 1996. The dynamics of knowledge systems vs. sustainable development: a sequel to the debate. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, 4(2). Online: http://www.nufficcs.nl/ciran/ikdm/. Agrawal, A. 1993. Removing ropes, attaching strings: institutional arrangements to provide water. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, 1(3). Online: http://www.nufficcs.nl/ciran/ikdm/. Appleton, H.E.; Hill, C.L.M. 1995. Gender and indigenous knowledge in various organizations. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, 2(3). Online: http://www.nufficcs.nl/ciran/ikdm/. Baines, G.; Hviding, E. 1992. Traditional environmental knowledge from the Marovo area of the Solomon Islands. In Barker, R.; Cross, N. 1992. Documenting oral history in the African Sahel. In Benfer, R.A., Jr; Furbee, L. 1996. Can indigenous knowledge be brokered without scientific understanding of the community structure and distribution of that knowledge? A sequel to the debate (8). Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, 4(2). Online: http://www.nufficcs.nl/ciran/ikdm/.

54. HANDBOOK OF CIDA PROJECT PLANNING AND INDIGENOUS TRADITIONAL Protection and Compensation for indigenous peoples and Local The Value of indigenousKnowledge in Development Programs Concerning somali Pastoralists and http://www.kivu.com/CIDA Handbook/cidaliterature.html

HANDBOOK OF CIDA PROJECT PLANNING AND INDIGENOUS TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE APPENDIX 3. USEFUL LITERATURE The selections included in this list are intended to assist the reader in broadening information on topics in the handbook and also to suggest where case studies can be found. There are very few titles that directly describe how to include traditional knowledge in development projects, but this list includes most that are available. Finally, because indigenous resource rights, indigenous intellectual property rights and land ownership are complicated topics, some of the references refer to these issues. Abel, K. and J. Friesen. 1991. Aboriginal Resource Use in Canada; Historical and Legal Aspects. 343 pp. Umiversity of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg. Adamowicz, W., T. Beckley, and W. Phillips 1998. "In Search of Forest Resource Values on Indigenous Peoples: Are Nonmarket Valuation Techniques Applicable?" Society and Natural Resources 11(1):51-66. Agrawal, Arun. 1995. "Neither Having One's Cake, Nor Eating It; Intellectual Property Rights and 'Indigenous' Knowledge." Common Property Resource Digest 36:1-5. Akimichi, Tomoya. 1995. "Indigenous Resource Management and Sustainable Development: Case Studies from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia." Anthropological Science 103(4):321-327.

55. Indigenous Knowledge Literature Protection and Compensation for indigenous peoples and Local The Value of indigenousKnowledge in Development Programs Concerning somali Pastoralists and http://www.kivu.com/wbbook/ikliterature.html

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE LITERATURE The selections included in this list are intended to assist the reader in broadening information on topics in the handbook and also to suggest where case studies can be found. There are very few titles that directly describe how to include traditional knowledge in development projects, but this list includes most that are available. Finally, because indigenous resource rights, indigenous intellectual property rights and land ownership are complicated topics, some of the references refer to these issues. Abel, K. and J. Friesen. 1991. Aboriginal Resource Use in Canada; Historical and Legal Aspects. 343 pp. Umiversity of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg. Adamowicz, W., T. Beckley, and W. Phillips 1998. "In Search of Forest Resource Values on Indigenous peoples: Are Nonmarket Valuation Techniques Applicable?" Society and Natural Resources 11(1):51-66. Agrawal, Arun. 1995. "Neither Having One's Cake, Nor Eating It; Intellectual Property Rights and 'Indigenous' Knowledge." Common Property Resource Digest 36:1-5. Akimichi, Tomoya. 1995. "Indigenous Resource Management and Sustainable Development: Case Studies from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia." Anthropological Science 103(4):321-327.

56. NewsLinks2 Caleb Project ..The somali people group inhabits Christian missionary organizationsupporting indigenous missionaries in The Gospel by Radio to all peoples http://www.wongel.com/newslinks.html

Mission Information of The Horn Of Africa Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan , Djibouti, Somalia... The Horn of Africa... "Cush will stretch her hands to God".. God's Time in the Horn of Africa Strategic Towns in the Horn of Africa ... International Teams-ETHIOPIA ... providing our missionaries with the tools and resources they need... Sub-Saharan Africa ... Typically, when I arrive the entire village gathers and I tell them about Jesus. They will listen all day - or as long as my voice holds out! At one village I taught for several hours then ... Ethiopian Church Planting One, the charismatic renewal which began in many churches around the world has not left out the Ethiopian churches. In the late sixties it also... Christian Persecution in Ethiopia No government sponsored acts of religious persecution ... Ethiopian Team Leader We try to heighten an awareness of the biblical view of racism among the ethnically divided groups even within the... Adoption Gudance Program The Bible mentions Ethiopia over 60 times, with Acts 8 giving the The Move of God In Ethiopia ...the vision of Ethiopian Christian leaders is to ensure that every Ethiopian hears the gospel...

57. Discrimination Based On Descent In Africa society today and amongst the somali diasporas across enslavement of many of thesepeoples, leading to have made claims to being the indigenous inhabitants of http://uk.geocities.com/internationaldalitsolidarity/africa/cerdpapersum.html

The International Dalit Solidarity Network "Working globally against discrimination by work and descent" Discrimination based on descent in Africa Summary Paper 1. Introduction This paper summarises descent based forms of discrimination across Africa , covered by the descent limb of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD). These forms of discrimination range from the existence of caste systems in many societies across the Sahel region, discrimination and marginalisation faced by the descendents of hunter-gather societies and the discrimination and even enslavement still suffered by descendents of slaves in Western and North-Western Sub-Saharan Africa 2. Caste systems in Africa Although it is not necessarily accurate to speak of the existence of “caste societies” in Africa , there are certainly societies in which there are sections of the population who are members of caste groups. These systems can be called “caste systems” using the definition of “occupational specialization of endogamous groups, in which membership is based on ascription, and between which social distance is regulated by the concept of pollution” . Although the percentage of the population in these societies belonging to a caste is generally low (between 1% and 20%) they suffer from forms of discrimination ranging from mild segregation, forced endogamy and restrictions on commensality to extreme segregation, denial of rights and even violence.

58. PATENTING INDIGENOUS PEOPLE in the Kalihari Desert) and certain somali communities; the participation are agreedupon by aboriginal peoples. how DNA, and in particular indigenous DNA, is http://www.sunsonline.org/trade/areas/environm/02160396.htm

5:31 AM Feb 16, 1996 PATENTING INDIGENOUS PEOPLE Penang Feb (TWN) On 14 March 1995, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) obtained a patent on the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid the basic constituent of the gene) of an indigenous man from the Hagahai, a people who live in a remote region of Papua New Guinea. The NIH patent established claim on a cell line in the Hagahai male which is linked to adult leukaemia. The DNA, it is presumed, will assist scientists in understanding the enhancement or suppression of an immune response to a leukaemia-associated virus. The patent is part of a much larger controversy. First, there is a critique of the patenting of DNA in general which puts the control of genetic research into the hands of powerful governments or private, largely Northern, corporations. Second, the patenting of indigenous peoples' DNA is seen by some as yet another manifestation of First World exploitation, i.e., the `mining' of indigenous communities for raw materials which now include their DNA. Indigenous peoples, critics argue, have become the target of gene `prospectors' whose quarry, in this case, is neither gold nor silver, but patentable indigenous DNA. The Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) is at the vortex of this controversy. Established in 1991, the HGDP brought together anthropologists and geneticists concerned that the Human Genome Project betrayed an ethnocentric bias. It was, they claimed, too narrowly focused on Anglo-European populations. Aspiring for a more diverse and therefore more extensive catalogue of human genes, these scientists felt that a broader sampling of ethnic populations would not only better the project's goal to combat common human diseases, but also assist anthropological efforts to reconstruct the story of human evolution and explore issues of human adaptation. The HGDP today represents an informal consortium of international scientists and universities who aspire to collect information on human genome variation.

59. IDEA Debatabase: Self-Determination And Nationalism to try to reunite with other somalispeaking people voting for their own government- indigenous peoples are oppressed and abuse of native peoples by (primarily http://www.debatabase.org/debatabase/details.asp?topicID=176

60. Horn Of Africa north and west from the somali coast, reaching ethnic group that practiced the indigenousreligions of the highland Amhara and Tigrayan peoples have remained http://www.law.emory.edu/IFL/region/hornofafrica.html

Horn of Africa The Region and its History Legal Practices and Institutions Seclusion of Women / Purdah t ... Family in the Region (Marriage, Dowry and brideprice, Divorce, Polygyny, Custody of children, Inheritance/ Land Rights) References Links to legal datasheets for countries in this region. Ethiopia I Somalia I Sudan I eastern Chad Horn of Africa The Region and its History  Muslim Arab traders and settlers began pushing south from Egypt into northern Sudan in the seventh century. They settled into the area and began intermarrying with the local population The Muslim traders who came to the region were generally wealthy, and marrying into their families carried with it a great deal of prestige. Over time Islam and the Arabic language also became firmly established in the north. However, Islam spread quite slowly into the interior of the Sudan, only reaching the western and central regions around the fifteenth century. In the nineteenth century, Sudan fell under the colonial domination of Egypt and Britain. It gained independence in 1954.

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