21. ScienceNet - Photosynthesis Questions 3. b00335c, Why does photosynthesis only occur in plants which are in the light?3. b00336c, What evidence is there that photosynthesis happens in two stages? 3. http://www.sciencenet.org.uk/database/Biology/Lists/photosynthtable.html

Photosynthesis Questions Number Question Level How does the grass stay green? Why are some leaves permanently red or yellow? Why are plants usually green? What does a plant eat? Does talking to plants help them grow better? Why are plants important? What is photosynthesis and why is it important? Which part of the plant photosynthesises? Does photosynthesis take place inside cells or outside? What happens in photosynthesis? Is it true that having plants in the room will make you short of oxygen? What happens to sugars which are made by photosynthesis? What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis? Why is water not a factor which affects the rate of photosynthesis? How much carbon dioxide is taken in by a tree in an hour? What is photosynthesis and why is it important? Which part of the plant photosynthesises? Does photosynthesis take place inside cells or outside? Why does photosynthesis only occur in plants which are in the light? What evidence is there that photosynthesis happens in two stages? What happens in the light reactions of photosynthesis? How do the light reactions make ATP and NADPH?

22. Photosynthesis that has eaten a plant. But, in the long run, all animals depend uponplants for their food and all plants depend upon photosynthesis. http://faculty.nl.edu/jste/photosynthesis.htm

Photosynthesis In this chapter we will cover the following main topics: Photosynthesis Light dependent reactions photophosphorylation Cyclic photophosphorylation Noncyclic photophosphorylation Light independent reactions Carbon fixation Calvin cycle Photosynthesis is the process that makes life on earth possible for plants and animals. Plants do it and animals feed off of the photosynthesizing plants either directly or by eating animals that have eaten plants. Sometimes an animal eats another animal that has eaten an animal that has eaten an animal ... that has eaten a plant. But, in the long run, all animals depend upon plants for their food and all plants depend upon photosynthesis. Plants could exist on earth and do just fine if there were no animals, but the reverse is impossible. So, if we are to learn about the basis of the food supply of life on earth, we must understand the basics of the photosynthetic process. Photo ("light") synthesis ("making something") means that light is used to make organic molecules. That is, light is used to synthesize food for plants. What plants do in photosynthesis is take carbon dioxide from the air and use it to make glucose. Glucose, you remember, has 6 carbons and many carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds. These bonds take much energy to make, so the glucose molecule has a great deal of energy stored in it which can be released when these bonds are broken. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, has carbon-oxygen bonds which are much lower in potential energy. There is a problem here. How can plants make high energy glucose from low energy carbon dioxide?

23. Photosynthesis Hotlist In photosynthesis, plants use sunlight energy to put together carbondioxide from the air and water from the soil to make sugar. http://www.uen.org/utahlink/activities/view_activity.cgi?activity_id=5448

24. Micro-Unit 934: Plants, Chloroplasts And Photosynthesis | SubTopicInfo Plant cells contain chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis. plants and many microorganismsuse solar energy to combine molecules of carbon dioxide and water http://www.nsta.org/Energy/find/lessons/934/934subtopicinfo.html

An Energy Primer Lesson Plans - Biology - Chemistry ... Energy Links Cell Chemistry: Metabolism, Catalysts, and Photosynthesis NSES Generalization Most cell functions involve chemical reactions. Food molecules taken into cells react to provide the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules. Both breakdown and synthesis are made possible by a large set of protein catalysts, called enzymes. The breakdown of some of the food molecules enables the cell to store energy in specific chemicals that are used to carry out the many functions of the cell. Plant cells contain chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis. Plants and many microorganisms use solar energy to combine molecules of carbon dioxide and water into complex, energy rich organic compounds and release oxygen to the environment. This process of photosynthesis provides a vital connection between the sun and the energy needs of living systems. Further Description Metabolism, which is defined as the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell, involves the activities of enzymes. Enzymes are large protein molecules that serve as catalysts to lower the energy required for reactions to take place in cells. Enzymes as catalysts also function in speeding up rates of reactions. Because of enzymes, cell metabolism is carried out with greater speed and at lower temperatures than would otherwise be required. Therefore, the breakdown and synthesis of materials in a cell is more efficient. Cells can manufacture thousands of enzymes. However, cells will only produce enzymes needed for specific reactions. Therefore, not all cells carry all the same enzymes.

25. Do All Plants Do Photosynthesis And Use Carbon Dioxide? Ask Dr G At FT Exploring is easy. Because plants that have chlorophyll and do photosynthesisare also plants that use carbon dioxide. Using solar energy http://www.ftexploring.com/askdrg/askdrg6.html

top Do all plants use Carbon Dioxide? We Have Skulls! DR G'S INDEX BEE LAW BREAKERS DEEP SEA DIVERS THEM BONES, THEM BONES DOLPHIN AND NON-DOLPHIN ... WHO'S USES CARBON DIOXIDE These green plants are busy making simple carbohydrates from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. This is called photosynthesis . Do all plants carry on photosynthesis and use carbon dioxide? BRILLIANT QUESTION: Dear Dr. Galapagos, I was wondering if all plants use carbon dioxide. If not, then which ones do not need carbon dioxide, and do they still carry out photosynthesis? Thanks, Nichole Fun Learning Please take a moment to tell us what you think and to correct our errors SITE INDEX INDEX HOME PAGE EVERYTHING DR. GALAPAGOS' HOME LIFE TECHNOLOGY ... Posters Autotrophic Plant Small Mindedness: "I've got nothing against those saprophytes. Some of my best friends are saprophytes. But they shouldn't be allowed in the plant kingdom. They should stay in their own kingdom. Whatever that is." The chemical symbol for carbon dioxide is CO . There is one carbon ( C ) atom connected to two Oxygen ( O ) atoms. The little 2 beside the O is to show there are two O atoms.

26. The Standards Site: Plants And Photosynthesis Your path Home Schemes of work Secondary Science plants andphotosynthesis. Schemes of work Secondary Science Science Unit http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/schemes2/secondary_science/sci09c/?version=1

27. The Standards Site: Plants And Photosynthesis describe how leaves are adapted for photosynthesis and how roots are adapted totake in water; distinguish between photosynthesis and respiration in plants. http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/schemes2/secondary_science/sci09c/?view=essenti

28. Photosynthesis Energize plants use a process called photosynthesis to make food. Duringphotosynthesis, plants trap light energy with their leaves. http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwepphotosynthesis.htm

Plants need energy to survive just like you, but they get their energy from the sun. Energize Plants use a process called photosynthesis to make food. During photosynthesis, plants trap light energy with their leaves. Plants use the energy of the sun to change water and carbon dioxide into a sugar called glucose . Glucose is used by plants for energy and to make other substances like cellulose and starch . Cellulose is used in building cell walls. Starch is stored in seeds and other plant parts as a food source. That’s why some foods that we eat like rice and grains are packed with starch! True Colors Most plants contain a special colored chemical or pigment called chlorophyll that is used in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is what absorbs the sun's energy and turns it into chemical energy. Not all the light energy from the sun is absorbed. Sunlight has many different colors in it. Chlorophyll usually absorbs red and blue light from the sun and reflects green light. It’s the green light reflecting that makes some leaves look green! In the fall, some plants stop producing chlorophyll and we see leaves change color. With the chlorophyll gone, the green light is not being reflected anymore. Home Episodes Nature Files Order ... E-Mail

29. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Taking each of the 4 main ways that plants use glucose from photosynthesis in turn,say whether this could be passed on to you if you were to eat the plant. http://web.ukonline.co.uk/webwise/spinneret/plants/photsy.htm

Like many files on this web site, this document makes use of Javascript. It is best to enable this function on your browser, although it is hopefully still usable without it. PHOTOSYNTHESIS - the most important process on earth? It is important to get the process of photosynthesis into perspective, especially in relation to the processes covered in previous topics: respiration, and digestion in animals. There are many misconceptions to do with the nature of energy and its interconversion, and the differences between plants and animals. The statement below needs some points of explanation and amplification. Use the margins to make notes which explain the words in red type (or click on them using your mouse!). Green plants Green plants are extremely significant because they are the only organisms with the biochemical ability to " make " chemically complex organic food for themselves, starting with simple inorganic substances. "make" organic inorganic light The process is called photosynthesis, and it uses the energy of light . Some of the sun's light energy is absorbed by the quite remarkable green pigment chlorophyll, and

30. Blue Planet Biomes - Plants Through photosynthesis, plants take energy from the sun, carbon dioxidefrom the air, and water and minerals from the soil. They http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/plants.htm

The Importance of Plants Close to 2.5 billion years ago, the earth's surface and atmosphere were stable enough to support primitive life. Single-cell organisms began to develop in the seas that covered the planet. A simple organism known as blue-green algae appeared and spread across the seas. Blue-green algae used sunlight and water to make food, and in the process, created oxygen. As the blue-green algae grew in the earth's seas, they began to fill the atmosphere with oxygen. The oxygen that blue-green algae produced made it possible for other types of organisms to develop. Plants play the most important part in the cycle of nature. Without plants, there could be no life on Earth. They are the primary producers that sustain all other life forms. This is so because plants are the only organisms that can make their own food. Animals, incapable of making their own food, depend directly or indirectly on plants for their supply of food. All animals and the foods they eat can be traced back to plants. The oxygen we breathe comes from plants. Through photosynthesis, plants take energy from the sun, carbon dioxide from the air, and water and minerals from the soil. They then give off water and oxygen. Animals and other non-producers take part in this cycle through respiration. Respiration is the process where oxygen is used by organisms to release energy from food, and carbon dioxide is given off. The cycles of photosynthesis and respiration help maintain the earth's natural balance of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water.

31. Botany Online: Photosynthesis - C3, C4 And CAM. Regulation Of The Activity C 4. A number of plants display an increased and more efficient net photosynthesisduring strong light intensities. photosynthesis of C 4 plants. http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e24/24b.htm

C , C and CAM. Regulation of The Activity of Photosynthesis C A number of plants display an increased and more efficient net photosynthesis during strong light intensities. A prime example are the Gramineae of warmer regions like maize or sugar-cane At the beginning of the sixties observed H. KORTSCHAK (Hawaiian Sugar Planter's Association) that the first product of photosynthesis in sugar-cane is not the C unit 3-phosphoglycerate but a unit with four C-atoms. The Australian plant physiologist M. D. HATCH and his English colleague C. R. SLACK confirmed this result and identified the compound as oxaloacetate (OAA) . It is produced by the addition of one molecule of carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) . The cycle is also known as the HATCH- SLACK-cycle or the C cycle. Plants with this cycle are called C -plants (and CAM plants , respectively) in contrast to C plants where the carbon dioxide is directly fed into the CALVIN cycle. The oxaloacetate is usually converted into malate of which the carbon dioxide is split off again with the help of an enzyme. This carbon dioxide is now bound by ribulose-1,5-diphosphate and assimilated

32. Botany Online: Photosynthesis A first experimental prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesisof green plants stems indeed from water was delivered by the British http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e24/24.htm

Photosynthesis The Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis, Assimilation of Carbon Dioxide And The Calvin Cycle C , C and CAM. Regulation of The Activity of Photosynthesis ... Literature The observation that a willow that has been cultivated in a container for five years with enough watering gained more than half a centner weight although only two ounces of the container's soil were lost goes back to J.B. van HELMONT (1577 - 1644). The British natural scientist S. HALES (1677 - 1761) understood that air and light are necessary for the nutrition of green plants. But it was not before the composition of air out of different gases became known that their significance for plant nutrition was studies. In 1771 observed J. PRIESTLEY (1733 - 1804), one of the discoverers of oxygen, that green plants give off oxygen and thus improve the air. The priest J. SENEBIER (1742 - 1809) from Geneva discovered that the regeneration of the air is based on the use of 'fixed air' (carbon dioxide). These observations were confirmed and broadened by studies of the Dutch doctor J. INGENHOUSZ

33. Photosynthesis Almost all life (except those in the hot vents on the ocean floor) depends on photosynthesis.plants make leaves, roots, stems and fruits that herbivores (such http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/page2.html

Photosynthesis Rajni Govindjee and Govindjee Sun is the source of almost all energy that sustains Life on Earth. Each minute the Sun converts 120 million tons of its mass into electromagnetic radiation and dumps it out into space. One billionth of that reaches the Earth. It takes only 8 minutes for this radiation to travel 93 million miles to reach us. The visible portion of this electromagnetic radiation (VIBGYOR, violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red, the colors in the rainbow) is captured by plants, algae and cyanobacteria. The green color of the leaves is due to the presence of a pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light efficiently, but not green, the transmitted green light gives the leaves their green color. The process by which plants utilize sunlight (absorbed by chlorophyll) to make food (that we need for our lives) and oxygen (that we need to breathe) from carbon dioxide (CO ) and water is called Photosynthesis. In addition, past photosynthesis provides the fossil fuels needed to power the industry and automobiles etc. Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light = Carbohydrate + Oxygen 6 CO + 6 H O + Light = (CH O) + 6 O Almost all life (except those in the hot vents on the ocean floor) depends on photosynthesis. Plants make leaves, roots, stems and fruits that herbivores (such as caterpillars) eat; carnivores eat plants and the herbivores. Photosynthesis is the basis of this food web that links almost all living beings on Earth. In the oceans, small fishes eat the phytoplankton (algae) and the bigger fishes eat the small fishes, and the "web of life" goes on. Plants capture only one thousandth of the sunlight that falls on the Earth. Yet, without this process all life on Earth would come to a halt.

34. Herbicide Resistant Weeds Inhibition of photosynthesis in intact plants of biotypes resistant orsusceptible to atrazine and crossresistant to other herbicides. http://www.weedscience.org/Case/Reference.asp?ReferenceID=364

35. The Care Counselor - Photosynthesis During the process of photosynthesis, plants use that energy to convertcarbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose and oxygen. http://www.windowbox.com/cgi-bin/experts/DisplayArticle.asp?TopicID=6&ArticleID=

36. Photosynthesis plants need only light energy, CO 2 , and H 2 O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesistakes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/photosyn.htm

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO , and H O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts , specifically using chlorophyll , the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis , the mesophyll , the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomates . The upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomates are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO in and O out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plant's transportation system, moving water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs. As you hopefully recall, the parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner membranes, intermembrane space

37. Links SQL: Biological Science/Plants Animals And The Environment/Botany/Photosyn photosynthesis photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria,and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar. http://www.mhhe.com/links/1253/1249/1181/1097/

HOME SEARCH Looking for something in particular? the entire directory only this category More search options Home Biological Science Plants Animals and The Environment ... Botany : Photosynthesis LINKS: A Comparison of Photosynthetic Characteristics of the 3 Major Plant Groups A nifty table summarizing the difference between C3, C4 and CAM plants. http://eee.uci.edu/99w/07350/Doc/C3C4CAM.html (Added: Sun Jul 15 2001) Chloroplasts A diagram and a photomicrograph of chloroplast parts. http://ntri.tamuk.edu/cell/chloroplast.html (Added: Sun Jul 15 2001) Introduction to Photosynthesis This site contains a thorough treatment of the topic and includes the evolution and discovery of photosynthesis, the light and dark reactions, and chloroplast structure, illustrated with diagrams and formulas. http://www.mit.edu:8001/afs/athena/course/other/esgbio/www/ps/intro.html (Added: Wed Jun 12 2002) Photosynthesis Another good summary of the various modes of photosynthesis. http://agrss.sherman.hawaii.edu/courses/Agrn_Hort200/photosyn.htm (Added: Sun Jul 15 2001) Calculate Rf of Chloroplast Pigments A quick shortcut to computer Rf values when doing chromatography of photosynthetic pigments.

38. Rader's BIOLOGY4KIDS.COM What little light does make it here is enough for the plants of the world to surviveand go through the process of photosynthesis. Light is actually energy. http://www.biology4kids.com/files/plants_photosynthesis.html

The content that was on BIOLOGY4KIDS has been moved to the new subscription based KAPILI.COM. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause. We believe that directing our efforts into one large science site will create a more successful learning experience. We hope you visit the new site. Learn a little about the new site below... BIOLOGY TUTORIALS (Over 75): The Kapili tutorials break down key ideas of science, math, and technology. Our tutorials are designed to break down a single topic into four parts. Each part will have a short paragraph and graphic used to illustrate an idea. We are using this style to help you learn complex ideas in bite-sized pieces. You might be asking, "But what about a big topic like cells?" Using cells as an example you will find one page that talks about the general idea of what a cell is. Linked to that page and our main biology tutorial list you will find dozens of other pages. If you are new to cells you can start there and then move to a tutorial on the cell membrane, mitochondria, and even peroxisomes. Each of the detailed tutorials will also have the same layout with four paragraphs and four graphics. Current biology tutorials include information on: Cells, Biosphere, Biochemistry, Ecology, Scientific Studies, Microbiology, Invertebrates, Vertebrates, Taxonomy, and Human Physiology.

39. Glossary Of Terms: P concentrations of 0.1 parts per million can reduce photosynthesis by 50 some environments), eye irritation - high toxicity to plants - respiratory irritation http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/enviroglos/p.html

- P - Paleoclimate Climatic conditions in the geological past reconstructed from a direct or indirect data source. Paleozoic Geologic era that lasted from 570 to 245 million years ago. Pan or PAN (1) Collection of chemicals found in photochemical smog peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN). (2) Compact soil horizon that has a high clay content. (3) Large natural basin or depression found in desert climates. Parasite Consumer organism that feeds on a host for an extended period of time. Feeding causes the host to be less fit and may eventually cause premature death. Parasitism Biological interaction between species where a parasite species feeds on a host species. Parent Material The mineral material from which a soil forms. Parts Per Billion (ppb) Number of parts of a substance found in one billion parts of a particular gas, liquid, or solid. Parts Per Million (ppm) Number of parts of a substance found in one million parts of a particular gas, liquid, or solid. Passive Solar Heating System Heating system that uses solar radiation directly for the creation of low-temperature heat for space heating or for heating water for home and business use. Also see

40. ASPB - Publications - Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Of Plants The reduction of CO 2 to carbohydrates requires NADPH and ATP, which are synthesizedduring the light reactions of photosynthesis. plants employ the C 3 http://www.aspb.org/publications/biotext/sumrys/ch12.cfm

Thursday, 04/10/03 Member Login MemberID: Password: Login help About ASPB Member Services Join ASPB ... HOME Search Comments? Let us know! ©2003 American Society of Plant Biologists Site Awards Chapter Photosynthesis Photosynthesis produces organic compounds from inorganic carbon by using the energy of sunlight. These processes are carried out in plants, algae, and various bacteria. In all cases, the photosynthetic reactions may conveniently be divided into two phases, the light reactions and the carbon-fixing reactions. In the case of eukaryotic organisms, photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast. This organelle is surrounded by a double membrane and contains a complex internal membrane system, the thylakoid membranes. The two phases of photosynthesis take place in different regions of the chloroplast, with the light reactions being localized to the thylakoid membranes and the carbon-fixing reactions occurring in the stroma. in a series of redox reactions mediated by both mobile and integral membrane components of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain, located primarily in the thylakoid membranes. During this series of reactions, PSII oxidizes water, producing molecular oxygen. This reaction provides almost all of the oxygen required for aerobic life on our planet.

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