1. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 1, Ch. 2, Malnutrition The Merck Manual takes an in depth look at this disorder. Early detection, all stages of life are Category Health Conditions and Diseases malnutrition...... Chapter 2. malnutrition. malnutrition includes undernutrition, in which nutrientsare undersupplied, and overnutrition, in which nutrients are oversupplied. http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section1/chapter2/2a.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 1. Nutritional Disorders Chapter 2. Malnutrition Topics [General] Starvation Protein-Energy Malnutrition Carnitine Deficiency ... Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency [General] Malnutrition results from imbalance between the body's needs and the intake of nutrients, which can lead to syndromes of deficiency, dependency, toxicity, or obesity. Malnutrition includes undernutrition, in which nutrients are undersupplied, and overnutrition, in which nutrients are oversupplied. Undernutrition can result from inadequate intake; malabsorption; abnormal systemic loss of nutrients due to diarrhea, hemorrhage, renal failure, or excessive sweating; infection; or addiction to drugs. Overnutrition can result from overeating; insufficient exercise; overprescription of therapeutic diets, including parenteral nutrition; excess intake of vitamins, particularly pyridoxine (vitamin B ), niacin, and vitamins A and D; and excess intake of trace minerals. See also discussions of obesity in Ch. 5,

2. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 1, Ch. 2, Malnutrition An in depth look at this disorder by the Merck Manual including symptoms and signs, laboratory findings, Category Health Conditions and Diseases malnutrition...... Chapter 2. malnutrition. Topics. General. Starvation. ProteinEnergy malnutrition.A deficiency syndrome caused by the inadequate intake of macronutrients. http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section1/chapter2/2c.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 1. Nutritional Disorders Chapter 2. Malnutrition Topics [General] Starvation Protein-Energy Malnutrition Carnitine Deficiency ... Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Protein-Energy Malnutrition A deficiency syndrome caused by the inadequate intake of macronutrients. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), or protein-calorie malnutrition, is characterized not only by an energy deficit due to a reduction in all macronutrients but also by a deficit in many micronutrients. This syndrome is one example of the various levels of inadequate protein and/or energy intake between starvation (no food intake) and adequate nourishment. Although infants and children of some developing nations dramatically exemplify this type of malnutrition, it can occur in persons of any age in any country. Classification and Etiology The dry form, marasmus, results from near starvation with deficiency of protein and nonprotein nutrients. The marasmic child consumes very little foodoften because his mother is unable to breastfeedand is very thin from loss of muscle and body fat. The wet form is called kwashiorkor

3. Frontpage A look at this disorder which may result from eating an unbalanced diet, digestive problems or absorption problems. http://www.nutrition.uu.se/studentprojects/group98/malnutrition/

UNDERSTANDING MALNUTRITION Definition of malnutrition A condition caused by inadequate intake or inadequate digestion of nutrients. It may result from eating an unbalanced diet, digestive problems or absorption problems. Medical Encyclopedia. Applied Medical Informations, Inc, 1996.) CONTINUE

4. Malnutrition And Humanitarian Feeding Programs Non-profit food technology organization specializing in low-cost dairy substitutes such as soy milk, Category Society Organizations Humanitarian Hunger Relief......malnutrition Matters is a nonprofit food technology organization forsoy milk, hemp milk, oat milk, and rice milk, for dairy substitutes. http://www.malnutrition.org/

Background Why Food Technology? Food Products Technology/ Expertise ... Contact Us Malnutrition Matters is a Canadian-registered, non-profit organization, dedicated to providing sustainable low cost food technology solutions for malnutrition, primarily by using soya, but also cereals, grains, fruits and vegetables. These plant-based foods offer the greatest nutritional, environmental and economic benefits. Furthermore, soymilk and its derivative soyfoods are already well-known for their nutritional value, functionality and the sustainability of their agriculture and production. The services of this organization are primarily in support of NGO's / PVO's and small to medium-sized entrepreneurs to develop and expand nutrition and employment programs in developing countries. These services include: equipment supply, training and consulting for production and project management, food product development and related nutritional and agricultural issues. A main objective is to help create sustainable micro-enterprises centered on these affordable food technologies. The technologies and expertise relate to food production in aqueous extraction processes resulting primarily in dairy or milk-like food products and derivatives including beverages, yogurts, tofu, desserts, spreads, etc.

5. Micronutrients & Malnutrition A discussion about Vitamin A, iron and iodine deficiencies and some solutions to the problem. http://www.nutrition.uu.se/studentprojects/group98/micronut/micronut.html

M icronutrient M alnutrition I ntroduction M icronutrients are substances that are needed by the body in very small amounts because they can not be synthesized in the body. This means that they must be provided by the diet. These micronutrients are essential for the body to maintain its normal functions. Without them, the body can not function optimally and different health problems occur. If these micronutrients are missing during phases of rapid growth, the development of basic biological functions like intellect, and even life itself, can be threatened. This is why young children, and pregnant women are often among the risk groups for micronutrient deficiencies. A ll vitamins and most minerals are micronutrients. If some of these micronutrients lack in the diet eventually give rise to specific and recognizable signs, for example, lack of iodine can cause an enlarged thyroid gland (goitre), recognizable by the unsightly swelling on the throat, while other deficiencies may cause more general signs such as weakness, paleness and lack of resistance to infections, etc. T he three major micronutrient deficiencies emphasized by the World Health Organization (WHO) world-wide are: Vitamin A, iron and iodine deficiencies.

6. Diseases And Conditions -- Discovery Health -- Malnutrition By Clare Armstrong, MS, RD. malnutrition is an imbalance or deficiency of nutrients. http://health.discovery.com/diseasesandcond/encyclopedia/1921.html

malnutrition By Clare Armstrong, MS, RD Malnutrition is an imbalance or deficiency of nutrients. This can come from not eating enough healthy foods or by using up too many nutrients through activities. Malnutrition can be identified by using body weight, body fat, protein stores and laboratory values. Information Poor nutrition leads to poor health. The three leading causes of malnutrition are: poverty and lack of food ignorance or indifference disease or substance abuse, such as alcoholism There are different types of malnutrition. Malnutrition is not only found in poor countries. People in rich countries, like the United States, can have malnutrition, too. The most common type of malnutrition occurs when the body does not get enough protein. This condition is called kwashiorkor. Not getting enough protein affects how children grow and develop. In some countries, just-weaned children are fed watery cereal. This diet provides enough calories but not enough protein. This type of malnutrition can be life threatening because protein helps to build and maintain muscle. Without protein in the diet, muscles such as the heart and respiratory system weaken. Another type of malnutrition is the deprivation of food. This leads to marasmus. This diet does not have enough protein, fat, carbohydrates, calories and other important nutrients. Children on this diet form the classic picture of malnutrition. They are skin and bones. This is a serious condition. The body begins to break down muscle to get protein and it draws on all its stored fat and carbohydrates. Once the body goes through all of its stored energy, death is the result. The body can survive for a month or two, as long as it has water. The ability to fight infection is low. The metabolism slows down to save calories. This type of malnutrition is common among children aged 6 to 18 months in overpopulated city slums worldwide.

7. Famine And Malnutrition From EuropaWorld; a set of articles on the economics of farming and famine, food production, and how Category Society Issues Poverty Hunger Famine Studies...... Energy and environment. Famine and malnutrition. Health/AIDS. Trade and globalisation.Famine and malnutrition Background information Join the forum, have your say. http://www.europaworld.org/Famine.htm

European Commission European Parliament European Goverments NGOs ... Trade and globalisation Famine and Malnutrition Background information Join the forum, have your say Latest articles: Iraq: Scale Of Humanitarian Need Becomes Clearer World Leaders Condemned On Hunger By UN Expert In previous issues: Growth in food production will be higher than population growth, but World Food Summit target will be missed Zambia's Food And HIV Crisis Persist Despite Un Support World Is Losing Battle Against Hunger Ethiopia: 2 Million People On The Brink Of Starvation. ... Contact us

8. MEDSTUDENTS-PEDIATRICS Definition of this disorder, marasmus and protein malnutrition.Category Health Conditions and Diseases malnutrition......PEDIATRICS. KARINA LUISE GLASER. Medstudents' Homepage. malnutrition. Proteinmalnutrition (ProteinCalorie malnutrition, Kwashiorkor). http://www.medstudents.com.br/pedia/pedia1.htm

PEDIATRICS KARINA LUISE GLASER Medstudents' Homepage Malnutrition Malnutrition may be due to inadequate food absorption or inadequate food intake (inadequate supply, increased requirements). The diagnosis of malnutrition is not always apparent as in severe cases. It depends on an accurate dietary history, evaluation of height, weight, head circumference and past rates of growth, measurement of midarm circumference and skinfold thickness and other tests. Acute nutritional disturbances: water and electrolytes. Chronic malnutrition: deficits of more than a single nutrient. There is usually associated immunologic insufficiency (white blood cell count < 1500/mm3 and anergy to skin test antigens). Marasmus (Infantile Atrophy, Inanition, Athrepsia) In most cases, marasmus is due to inadequate caloric intake, but may also be due to metabolic abnormalities or congenital malformations. Clinically, there is failure to gain weight followed by weight loss and finally emaciation. Fat is loss last from the cheeks. The abdomen may be flat or distended. There is muscle atrophy and hypotonia. The basal metabolic rate is reduced. The infant may be constipated or have the "starvation type" of diarrhea with mucus. Protein Malnutrition (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition, Kwashiorkor)

9. Medical Issues In Nursing Homes - Malnutrition describes physical and emotional causes of malnutrition and signs that a resident is malnourished. Improper nutrition or malnutrition can lead to infections, confusion, and muscle weakness resulting in immobility and http://www.nursinghomealert.com/recognitionofabuse/malnutrition.html

search: The nursing home abuse and neglect resource center for the elderly and their families contact us for more information site index: Home Page Assessing Homes Paying for Care Signs of Abuse Medical Issues Your Rights What You Can Do Resources Contact Us poem: See Me Medical Issues in Nursing Homes Malnutrition Nutritional well-being is an important part of successful aging. Improper nutrition or malnutrition can lead to infections, confusion, and muscle weakness resulting in immobility and falls, pressure ulcers, pneumonia, and decreased immunity to bacteria and viruses. Malnutrition is costly, lowers the quality of nursing home residents' lives, and is often avoidable. Based on the nutritional assessment, the facility must take steps to ensure that the resident maintains good nutritional health and must provide residents with a well-balanced, palatable meal. Many things can cause malnutrition in nursing home residents. The following are factors that may prevent a resident from receiving adequate amounts of the vitamins, minerals, protein, and calories the resident needs: Physical Causes: Illness Adverse drug effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cognitive disturbances, or sleepiness

10. Malnutrition Poverty not insufficient global food production is the root cause of malnutrition. Poor families lack the economic, environmental, or social resources to purchase or produce enough food. http://www.igc.apc.org/wri/wr-98-99/malnutri.htm

Linking Environment and Health Malnutrition Poverty not insufficient global food production is the root cause of malnutrition. Poor families lack the economic, environmental, or social resources to purchase or produce enough food. In rural areas, land scarcity and degradation, water salinity due to overirrigation, soil erosion, droughts, and flooding can all undermine a family's ability to grow enough food. In urban areas, low wages, lack of work and underemployment, and rapid changes in food prices often place food supplies out of the reach of poor households. War and civil strife almost always cause upheaval in the food system and often result in widespread famine, as with the civil wars in Rwanda and Somalia. Although overall trends are positive, with the proportion of people with malnutrition declining, many remain at risk, and some regions are hit especially hard. (See Countries with Populations at Risk of Inadequate Nutrition .) Between 1990 and 1992, approximately 841 million people or 1 out of every 5 people in the developing world did not have access to enough food for healthy living (1). Countries with Populations at Risk of Inadequate Nutrition Source : See Environmental Risks to Human Health: New Indicators The health consequences of inadequate nutrition are enormous. According to one estimate, malnutrition contributed to roughly 12 percent of all deaths in 1990 (2). Although much of this toll stems from underconsumption of protein and energy, deficiencies in key micronutrients such as iodine, vitamin A, and iron also undermine health (3).

11. Malnutrition - Causes Of Malnutrition malnutrition Matters is a nonprofit food technology organization for soy milk,hemp milk, oat milk, and rice milk, for dairy substitutes. malnutrition. http://www.malnutrition.org/malnutri.html

Malnutrition Background Why Food Technology? Food Products Technology/Expertise VitaCow Personnel / Associates Contact Us Home Malnutrition has several primary causes. Hunger , the most insidious, is mainly a deficiency of calories and protein. The main cause of hunger is poverty. Hunger is most devastating when it attacks children, since it can affect their mental and physical development for the rest of their lives, thus deepening the poverty cycle as they have less access to education and opportunities for work later in life. However hunger also seriously affects adults, impeding their productivity and creating a host of associated health problems, making their lives even more difficult. The W.H.O. estimates the size of this group at roughly 1.2 billion people. Micronutrient and/or protein deficiency is shown in a very large group of malnourished people. They either do not receive adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals (micronutrients), or the correct proportion of protein in their diets. This can also have very debilitating effects on people and societies. The health symptoms may not be immediately visible to either the individuals themselves or to health workers, or they can take years to manifest themselves. The result is lost productivity, and a great increase in health care costs which negatively affects other government attempts to improve the quality of life - aside from the enormous social cost. For example, many older people in all countries have serious protein and micronutrient deficiencies. As people age, their traditional foods may be difficult to chew, swallow or digest, or it may seem bland, and eating then loses its appeal. They may also simply forget to eat. And many aboriginal groups worldwide now suffer from a host of diseases previously unknown to them such as diabetes and certain cancers. This is largely due to a shift from more traditional diets, which included fresh meat, vegetables, fruits, legumes and nuts, to some of the highly processed foods of the "modern" society, which are often very nutrient-deficient. Another example would be most people from the former Eastern Bloc and Soviet Union countries, who consume sufficient or too many calories, but who have protein, vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

12. The State Of The World's Children 1998 malnutrition is largely a silent and invisible emergency, exacting a terrible toll on children and their families. The result of multiple causes, including a lack of food, common and preventable infections, inadequate care and unsafe water, it plays a role in more than half of the nearly 12 million deaths each year of children under five in developing countries, a proportion unmatched since the Black Death ravaged Europe in the 14th century. http://www.unicef.org/sowc98/

Home UNICEF in Action Highlights Information Resources ... PDF Version Carol Bellamy, Executive Director, UNICEF Malnutrition is largely a silent and invisible emergency, exacting a terrible toll on children and their families. The result of multiple causes, including a lack of food, common and preventable infections, inadequate care and unsafe water, it plays a role in more than half of the nearly 12 million deaths each year of children under five in developing countries, a proportion unmatched since the Black Death ravaged Europe in the 14th century. Malnutrition blunts intellects and saps the productivity and potential of entire societies. Poverty, one of the causes of malnutrition, is also a consequence, a tragic bequest by malnourished parents to the next generation. The State of the World's Children 1998 report details the scale of the loss and the steps being taken to stem it. Sentinels of progress are lighting the way: Nearly 60 per cent of the world's salt is now iodized, and millions of children every year are spared mental retardation as a result. Vitamin A supplementation is helping bolster disease resistance in children and may soon become an important measure in helping reduce maternal deaths around the world. Communities are working together to identify their problems, decide on their options and take action, with women emerging to play leadership roles that spark numerous other changes in people's lives.

13. MALNUTRITION UNDERSTANDING malnutrition. Sick. Nutrients http://www.nutrition.uu.se/studentprojects/malnutrition

UNDERSTANDING MALNUTRITION Sick Nutrients Quality and quantity ... Plate model Created as a groupwork in the course Nutrition in Low-income countries, spring 1996 by Oscar Abassa, Petros, Elaine Lindvall, Lolita Mork and Marian Kjellevold Cartoon illustrator: Bo Johanneson Maintained by Thorkild.Tylleskar@nutrition.uu.se Home page of the department

14. Iraq: Anti-War Actions & Analysis/ Sanctions -- The Silent Weapon Sanctions are a weapon of mass destruction. From 1990, when sanctions were imposed on Iraq until 1995, half a million children under the age of five died of malnutrition and preventable diseases. Sanctions impose artificial famine. A third of Iraq's surviving children today have stunted growth and nutritional deficiencies that will deform their shortened lives. http://www.iacenter.org/iraq.htm

SATURDAY, APRIL 12: NATIONAL MARCH on WASHINGTON STOP THE WAR ON IRAQ! SÁBADO, 12 de ABRIL: MARCHA NACIONAL en WASHINGTON ¡DETENGAMOS LA GUERRA CONTRA IRAK ... Challenge to Genocide: Let Iraq Live Iraq: SanctionsThe Silent Weapon Last Update: 4 April, 2003 Sanctions are war! They are the most brutal form of war because they punish an entire population, targeting children, the future, most of all. Sanctions are a weapon of mass destruction. From 1990, when sanctions were imposed on Iraq until 1995, half a million children under the age of five died of malnutrition and preventable diseases. Sanctions impose artificial famine. A third of Iraq's surviving children today have stunted growth and nutritional deficiencies that will deform their shortened lives. Anti-War Actions and Analysis IAC Reports and Statements on Iraq Ramsey Clark reports and letters to the UN IAC Action Alerts and Press Releases on Iraq IAC Books and Videos on Iraq Worldwide Opposition to Sanctions CRISIS ACTIONS AND ORGANIZING CENTERS Statements and Actions by Other Groups and Individuals International Voices of Opposition Organizing Opposition to the Sanctions ... Where to Send your Protests Released in September, 2002second updated edition of

15. Malnutrition malnutrition or "poor diet" can be a result of reduced food intake, poor absorption in the stomach or intestine, or an increased metabolism. http://www.r07.tdh.state.tx.us/nutritin/malnutri.htm

Malnutrition or "poor diet" can be a result of reduced food intake, poor absorption in the stomach or intestine, or an increased metabolism. Malnutrition from reduced food intake may be caused by inadequate food supply, inability to chew or swallow food, or decreased appetite. In this case, patients may need help in acquiring food, may need help by being provided soft, chopped, purred, liquid or intravenous nutrition. Malabsorption may be caused by food allergies, food borne illness, gastrointestinal surgical procedures, medications, or intestinal disorders. In this case, nourishment need to be allergen and bacteria free, and patients may need additional, concentrated, easily digestible, enteral, or parenteral feeding to assure proper nutrition. Lastly, patients may suffer from a condition that causes them to need more nutrition than would normally be required for them. Examples are surgery (24% increase in energy need), trauma (32-35% increase in energy need), infection (79% increase in energy need) and burns (132% increase in energy need). Consequences of malnutrition include behavioral (confusion, irritability, memory loss, decreased concentration), musculoskeletal (weakness, decreased mobility, work capacity, and potential for rehabilitation), wound healing, pulmonary, cardiovascular and increased risk of infections, altered anatomic barriers (skin, gastrointestinal, and mucus membranes). Therefore, those patients most at risk need to be identified and close monitoring of labs, weight, and intake should take place for the period of time that the patient is at risk. Snacks, supplements, enteral, and maybe even parenteral nutrition intervention may be necessary.

16. PAMM - PROGRAM AGAINST MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION New site! Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency. Womenworking in the salt fields of Nha Trang Photo by Doan Duc Minh. http://www.sph.emory.edu/PAMM/

New site! Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Women working in the salt fields of Nha Trang Photo by: Doan Duc Minh

17. Aptmic.org - Association Pour La Prévention Et Le Traitement De La Malnutrition Buts et actions en cours de cette ONG francochilienne. R©sultats techniques qu'elle a obtenu dans le traitement de la malnutrition infantile. http://www.aptmic.org/

18. The State Of The World's Children 1998 malnutrition is a complex condition that can involve multiple, overlapping deficiencies of protein, energy and micronutrients so called because they are nutrients needed by the body in only tiny amounts. http://www.unicef.org/sowc98/fs01.htm

Home UNICEF in Action Highlights Information Resources ... About UNICEF Malnutrition: Causes In as many as 35 of the poorest countries, 30-50 per cent of the population may have no access to health services at all. More than 1.1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water and some 2.9 billion people lack access to adequate sanitation. The result is the spread of infectious diseases, including childhood diarrhoea, which in turn are major causes of malnutrition. Each year, diarrhoeal dehydration claims the lives of 2.2 million children under five in developing countries. Inadequate care for children and women is an underlying cause of malnutrition only recently recognized in all its harmful ramifications. Good hygiene in and around the home and in handling food reduces the risk of illness. Care also includes all interaction between parent and child that helps children develop emotionally as well as physically. Several studies have found that malnourished children who were stimulated verbally and cognitively had higher growth rates than those who were not. Discrimination against women and girls is an important basic cause of malnutrition. The very high rates of child malnutrition and low birthweight throughout much of South Asia are linked to such factors as women's poor access to education and their low levels of participation in paid employment, compared with other regions.

19. CNN - Floods Bring Disaster, Malnutrition To China - Aug. 5, 1996 CNN.com http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9608/05/china.floods/

Floods bring disaster, malnutrition to China Month of rains leaves more than 1,800 dead August 5, 1996 Web posted at: 8:45 p.m. EDT (0045 GMT) BEIJING (CNN) Residents in southeastern China trudge through the ruins of what used to be their homes. Now they face the daunting task of rebuilding, after monthlong rains wreaked havoc on the area. But with limited rations, the reconstruction could prove fatal. Torrential storms have left the region a wasteland, killing more than 1,800 people and leaving tens of millions homeless. Homes, roads, hospitals and commercial districts were destroyed, swept away by rains. Officials fear the death toll could rise due to malnutrition. Five million tons of grain were destroyed by the floods, and much of this fall's harvest was ruined. In China's Guangxi province, the government has handed out the equivalent of four bowls of rice per person per day. Such small portions could leave residents malnourished as they try to rebuild, according to authorities. "The situation is described by our team members as a catastrophe," said Geoffrey Prescott of Medecins sans Frontiers, an international relief agency.

20. CNN - Malnutrition Takes Deadly Toll On Zaire Refugees - April 9, 1997 CNN.com http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/09/zaire.malnutrition/

Malnutrition takes deadly toll on Zaire refugees April 9, 1997 Web posted at: 6:15 a.m. EST (1115 GMT) From Correspondent Catherine Bond KISANGANI, Zaire (CNN) Their ribs, displayed on their small chests like ill-deserved badges, are the result of the current rebel uprising in Zaire. As battles rage elsewhere, there has barely been time to build feeding centers for the thousands of Rwandan children suffering in Zaire. (1.8M/48 sec. QuickTime movie WARNING: Graphic content A pink bracelet indicates severe malnutrition. Their feet swollen and their paper-thin ribs, arms and legs reflecting months without food, most children have either protein or carbohydrate deficiency or both. They need eight small meals a day. They get three. Stark examples are Innocent and Francoise, brother and sister. One, at age 5, weighs 33 pounds; the other, at age four, weighs 24 pounds. The hospital where they are staying has more than 60 patients, most ill with malnutrition or malaria. Many more are in worse conditions than medical workers have previously seen. "I think it is the most terrible that I have seen, because so much of this population is so exhausted and have gone for months and months without food. For me, it is the first time I have seen people in such a worse condition," said

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