81. MIAMI INDIANS ETHNOHISTORY ARCHIVES Hudson bay control of the fruitful fur trade of the 8 was captain of a militia companyraised to or Champion Countrey lying between hudsons bay Calefornia in http://www.gbl.indiana.edu/archives/miamis5/M07-13_21a.html

THE OHIO VALLEY-GREAT LAKES ETHNOHISTORY ARCHIVES: THE MIAMI COLLECTION It is noted that the following work from the Miami Archives should be read and considered within the historical context in which it was composed and printed. The opinions expressed and the language used do not reflect the opinions or standards of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, but are, rather, indicative of thought in that historical moment during which the document was published. Joseph Kellogg's Observations on Senex's Map of North America (Due to length divided here into two parts) In: Stearns, Raymond P., Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 23, pp. 345-354. pp. (page 345) JOSEPH KELLOGG'S OBSERVATIONS ON SENEX'S MAP OF NORTH AMERICA (1710) BY RAYMOND PHINEAS STEARNS The first Englishman so far as is known to travel through the Great Lakes and into the Illinois Country was Joseph Kellogg, a New England lad who, in 1710, at the age of nineteen years, accompanied "Six French Men from Canada" on "a Trading Voyage" to the Mississippi. Son of Martin and Sarah Dickenson [Lane] Kellogg, Joseph Kellogg was born November 8, 1691, at Hadley, Massachusetts. His grandfather, after whom he was named, had migrated to New England about 1650 from Great Leighs, Essex, England. After eleven years almost equally divided between Farmington, Connecticut, and Boston, Joseph Kellogg, the elder, became a proprietor of Hadley and the town's ferryman. Thereafter the Kelloggs were a frontier family. Joseph, the elder, fought in King Philip's War and, though the family must have realized, as the Reverend John Williams said, "It was a dangerous thing to be set in the Front of New England's Sins

82. Going Native -- Tom Bacig -- University Of Minnesota Duluth of New France depended on maintaining trade with the William Laidlow, of the ColumbiaFur company in charge English factors of the hudsons bay company had made http://www.d.umn.edu/~tbacig/writing/Metis/brdmetis.html

Bones, marrow, blood. Genes and chromosomes. Amino acids and sunlight. Dead matter leaping to life. Life leaping to consciousness. From time to time we learn who and what we are. Some small piece of the idiosyncracy that is identity is illuminated by light reflecting off water flowing from the heart of an unknown world. In canoe country, I feel this sense of connection, wondering how it was when first we came, or perhaps before they came. The country is in my blood. And my course on the "Frontier Heritage" becomes more and more an exploration of the mysterious mosaic of ethnic and racial realities and myths that makes us Americans. For me, teaching the course has become an exploration of the mysterious mosaic within myself, as well as a discovery of the history that is in each of us. On September 23, 1662, Jean Durand, a peasant from the town of Doeuil in the province of Saintonge, having completed his three year contract to earn his way to New France, took to wife Catherine Annennontak, daughter of the late Nicolas Arendankir captain of the Hurons of Georgian Bay. In 1658, she fled her fathers death and the annihilation of the Huron nation by Iroquois armed with Dutch and English muskets. The orphan and 200 other women and children were led to Quebec by the Jesuit missionaries who had been converting them. She was reared and taught in the French manner" by Madam de la Peltrie and Marie de l'Incarnation at the Ursuline convent in Quebec, so that she "could someday marry a Frenchman." The Jesuits of Canada dowried her for marrying her frenchman, giving 350 livres to the newlyweds. She was fourteen years old.

83. Selling Your Business? say, television stations) or the fur trade monopoly granted by the Crown to theHudsons bay company circa 350 necessarily bad strategy for the company to take http://www.dramatispersonae.org/SellingYourBusiness3.htm

October 10, 2001 Selling Your Business? (Written by: Dr. Bruce M. Firestone, PhD., M.Eng.-Sci., B.Eng.(Civil), Chair of Hickling Capital Corporation, Adjunct Research Professor, Carleton University and Founder, Ottawa Senators Hockey Club.) Many entrepreneurs are very good at building their businesses. They know how to grow a business often with limited access to financing. They know how to persevere in difficult circumstances and how to push the right buttons in their industry to make their business profitable. However, many business owners fail to optimize the value of their businesses when it comes time to sell it. One local Ottawa based company experienced 15 consecutive years of growth and profitability before running into heavy weather in a recessionary period. The ownership group looked at selling a minority interest in their company to a major competitor for $500,000. At the rate that the company was then losing money, this would have forestalled the inevitable for about three months. Nothing would have been resolved on an operational basis and none of the money injected into the company would have gone to the founders and shareholders. Their advisors suggested instead that they re-analyze the business with a view to: a) identifying and selling unprofitable operations, b) downsizing their head office staff and overheads, c) other operational efficiencies. The result of this work was that the company identified a number of locations that were unprofitable. These outlets were closed and the inventory and leases were sold. Indeed, market conditions were so receptive that the company recaptured a huge proportion of its investment in these losing operations. Head office costs were also dramatically cut. The slimmed down, more focused operation went from seven figure cash losses to seven figure earnings (true cash earnings) within two years. Several years later, the business was successfully sold at a handsome price in an all cash deal. These monies went to the founding shareholders of the company.

84. METIS CULTURE 1812-1814 raised in a tradition of free trade, freedom of that they plotted to expel all furtraders from the region to secure the hudsons bay company's fragile claim to http://www.telusplanet.net/public/dgarneau/metis36.htm

METIS NATION HISTORY METIS CULTURE 1812-1814 The Hudson Bay Company dumps hundreds of displaced, dirt poor Scottish and Irish north of the Metis Red River Colony. The infamous Thomas Douglas of Selkirk provided neither food supplies or farming implements. His objective is clear by his actions, that is to instigate problems. A Metis Flag is introduced METIS HISTORY METIS HISTORY Return to METIS 1800-1849 index METIS HISTORY Return to MAIN METIS index DIRECTORY Return to MAIN HISTORY index The Scottish North West Company believes that the Red River settlement is overrun by some rascally savages, some Canadian Freeman, and those half-breeds. They believe those Scottish settlers must be removed at all costs. The Canadians took Washington and burned the Capital and the Presidents house. The Americans later whitewashed the walls to hide the burn marks and called it the Whitehouse. Pierre Beauchamp is born 1812 North West, census 1838 Red River. Possible son Jacques Beauchamp. Jacques Cardinal Sr. of St. Genevieve, Quebec traveled from Fort des Prairies to Columbia for the North West Company until the merger in 1821.

85. Untitled canada in 1850; He was a fur trader and clerk with the Northwest company and theHudsons bay company;. Newfoundland, 19191920; MPP for bay Verde; Minister http://members.tripod.com/~Roughian/index-11.html

Canadian Orangemen ABBOTT, JOHN JOSEPH CALDWELL, M.P. - b. St. Andrews, Quebec, March 12, 1821; Prime Minister of Canada, 1891-1892 ADAMS, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL MILTON K - b. Picton, Ontario; Commanding Officer 155th Battalion in W.W.1; Grand Master of Loyal True Blue Association ALLAN, GEORGE LYTTLETON - Grand Master of GOL of Canada, 1856-1859, Governor of Don Gaol, Toronto, Member of LOL 290, Streetsville, Ontario, moved to Toronto in 1832 ANDERSON, ROBERT KING, M.D., M.P. - b. Halton County, Ontario, 1861; Medical Officer of health for Toronto township, 1890-1892; Mayor of Milton, Ontario, 1907-1909; M.P. for Halton County, 1917-1935 ARMSTRONG, JOHN B. - b. County Monaghan, Ireland, 1845; Came to Canada in 1852; He was a printer at the 'Toronto Globe' and became active in the Toronto Typographical Union. He was the ringleader of a city-wide nine day strike in Toronto in 1872. President of International Typographical Union, 1878-1879 ARTHURS, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JAMES M., M.P. - b. Toronto, October 4, 1866; Commanding Officer of 162 Battalion in W.W. 1; M.P. for Parry Sound, Ontario 1908 - 1935 BAXTER, JOHN BABINGTON MACAULEY, M.P.P., M.P. - b. Saint John, New Brunswick, February 16, 1868; Premier of New Brunswick, 1925-1931; Appointed to the N.B. Supreme Court in 1931; member of True Blue LOL 11

86. Historical Sketches - The Canals Of Canada. One of the northwest fur trading companies of the Northwest Territories from theHudsons bay company), the Dominion built by a joint stock company having its http://www.history.rochester.edu/canal/bib/whitford/old1906/vol2/Part4-2.htm

PART FOUR CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA CHAPTER I. - HISTORICAL SKETCHES. THE CANALS OF CANADA. THE ST. LAWRENCE CANALS. The canals which constitute the Saint Lawrence system serve to overcome the rapids which lie between Montreal and the eastern end of Lake Erie. They have a combined length of 70 1/2 miles and a total lockage of 533 feet. Named in order from the east, the canals of the St. Lawrence system are: the Lachine, the Beauharnois, the Soulanges (which to a very large extent replaces the Beauharnois), the Cornwall and the Williamsburg. The Farrans Point, the Rapide Plat and the Galops canals comprise the Williamsburg canal. The Welland canal, connecting Lakes Ontario and Erie, is considered a part of the Saint Lawrence system as is also the smaller Murray canal. THE LACHINE CANAL. - 141. These dimensions were found inadequate and enlargement of the canal was begun in 1840. During enlargement, navigation was not interrupted, the new locks being constructed beside the old ones, and the prism excavated during the closed season. This enlargement was sufficiently complete in 1848 to admit the passage of boats drawing eight and one-half feet of water, but the entire enlargement was not completed until 1862. The dimensions of the canal were then one hundred and twenty feet at water-surface and eighty feet at the bottom, with a navigable depth of nine feet. The locks were 200 feet long, 45 feet wide and nine feet deep on the sills, except the two just above Montreal, which were 16 feet deep on the sills. The cost up to this time was $2,587,532.

87. John Peter Pruden Family of Kenneth McKenzie of the American fur company. Chief Factor William Sinclair ofthe hudsons bay company. Governor and Committee of the Hudson's bay company,. http://www.televar.com/~gmorin/pruden.htm

THE PRUDEN FAMILY by James Mervyn Reid, Toronto copy provided by Leslie Soper, 28 Apr 2000 John Peter Pruden, fur trader, was born in Edmonton, Middlesex, England, in 1778. He entered the Service of the Hudson's Say Corporation in 1791 as an apprentice, and later as a writer at York Factory. From 1798 to 1808 he was on the Saskatchewan, and from 1808 to 1824 he was in charge of Carlton House. In 1821 he was made a chief trader. He was in command of Norway House in 1825-26 but later returned to command Carlton House He was promoted to chief factor in 1836 and retired in 1837. (a) After his retirement he lived in the Red River settlement and served for a time as a member of the Council of Assinaboia. (b) He was married twice, nothing is known of his first wife. In 1839 he was married to Miss Ann Armstrong, a teacher at the Red River Academy. He died on the 30th of May 1868, aged 90 years and was buried in St. John’s Cathedral Cemetery, Winnipeg MB. The Burial Record Book was signed by the Rev. John McLean, D.D., Rector of St. John’s, 18661874 who was later to become the first bishop of Saskatchewan. John Peter Pruden had seven children, William, Charlotte, Peter, James, Cornelius, John and Caroline.

88. Published Collections Of HBCA Records and Observations on a Book entitled A Voyage to hudsons bay in the W. Stewart, ed.Documents Relating to the North West company. The Battle for James bay, 1686 http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/resource/publish.html

HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY ARCHIVES A Select Bibliography of Publications Containing Excerpts of HBCA Records Hudson's Bay Record Society Publications Journal of Occurrences in the Athabasca Department by George Simpson, 1820 and 1821, and Report. E. E. Rich, ed. London, 1938. Colin Robertson's Correspondence Book, September 1817 to September 1822. E. E. Rich, ed. London, 1939. Minutes of Council, Northern Department of Rupert Land, 1821-1831. E. E. Rich, ed. London, 1940. The Letters of John McLoughlin from Fort Vancouver to the Governor and Committee, First Series, 1825-1838. E. E. Rich, ed. London, 1941. Minutes of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1671-1674 . E. E. Rich, ed. London, 1942. The Letters of John McLoughlin from Fort Vancouver to the Governor and Committee, Second Series, 1839-1844. E. E. Rich, ed. London, 1943. The Letters of John McLoughlin from Fort Vancouver to the Governor and Committee, Third Series, 1844-1846. E. E. Rich, ed. London, 1944. Minutes of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1679-1684, First Part: 1679-1682. E. E. Rich, ed. London, 1945.

89. The Coat Of Arms Adventurers of England trading into hudsons bay in 1670 very suitable motto for afur trading company For Hudson's bay company employees, it represents even more http://www.hbc.com/hbc/e_hi/hbc_adventurers/coat_of_arms.htm

Hudson's Bay Company Arms from William Maitland's "History and Survey of London", London 1756. HBCA The Coat Of Arms Coat of Arms Included with Charter Grant An Achievement The Crest The Supporters - Elk or Moose? ... What Does It All Mean Today? Coat of Arms Included with Charter Grant When a charter was granted to the "Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudsons Bay" in 1670, the Company was constituted a sovereign power, subject only to the King. This sovereignty was to be exercised over a vast territory extending eastwards and westwards from Hudson Bay; here the Company held full royal power as the representative of His Majesty and in recognition of this it was granted a coat of arms suited to its dignity. An institution called the College of Heralds was and is responsible for issuing all "Arms". An Achievement Upon the white (silver) shield is a red cross with four black beavers in the four corners. Above the shield is a red cap, of a peculiar shape with a turned up rim which shows the ermine lining. On it is sitting a fox of natural colour. Holding up the shield at each side are two "elks," also naturally coloured. The motto is usually put on a ribbon under the shield. The Hudson's Bay Company motto reads "Pro pelle cutem" for which an approximate English translation is, "For a skin a skin." This whole assemblage, shield, crest, supporters and motto, forms what is technically called an achievement.

90. Winnipeg 411 - History & Facts - Before The Hudson's Bay Company company of Adventurers of England tradeing into hudsons bay . The Hudson's bay companywas the only group allowed to the natives brought their furs to the bay. http://winnipeg411.com/history/indepth/prehistoric/

Questions about Winnipeg? Maybe we can help. E-mail us Tuesday, April 08, 2003 Search Maps Message / Classifed Board About Wpg 411 ... An In-depth History Before the Hudson's Bay Company (Prehistory - 1738) Most researchers agree that the temporary exposure above the ocean of the Bering land bridge brought the first human inhabitants into North America. These peoples followed the migrations of mammoths and other large game. There are four cultures indentified from the archaeological excavations near Lockport, just North of Winnipeg: the Larter, the Laurel, the Blackduck, and the Selkirk cultures. While the first two peoples were hunter-gatherers, the latter cultures used agriculture to supplement their diet, often growing corn, then grinding and even storing it. But by 1500 A.D., cold weather reduced the growing season and seriously compromised native agriculture. By the time the first Europeans arrived, tribes around Winnipeg subsisted primarily off of the bison. Hunting bison was an important event for native peoples. Since horses were nonexistent, aboriginal hunters had to come up with other ways to trap the stampeding beasts. At their peak, there were more than 60 million bison in North America, but it was still difficult to corner them on the flat and treeless prairie. Sometimes hunters dressed in wolf skins, so the bisons would simply ignore them until they could strike with bow and arrow. When a larger band of hunters pursued the bison, they often spent considerable effort building a sort of pound, composing of a V-shaped fence of logs or brush, or even of bison droppings. The bison would be stampeded into the V, towards an enclosure of heavy logs; the hunters would use shouting and flapping blankets to cause a panic. Once caught in the V, the bison were killed. Some tribes chose to release one bull from among the victims, as a gesture of gratitude.

91. Companys The hudsons bay company had fierce competition now from the other company they competedwith the North West company for furs, the Hudson's bay men explored http://www.angelfire.com/zine/linz/indexy7.html

Companys Hudsons Bay Company Crest The Hudson's Bay Company was a very big part of the fur trade era. Included also, was the Company of 100 Associates, and The Northwest Trading Company. The Hudson's Bay Company was established in 1670 by two enterprising coureurs des bois, Médard Chouart des Groseilliers and Pierre-Esprit Radisson. They approached the British about setting up a post in the northwest frontier, because the tighter trading laws in New France were too restrictive for unlicensed traders. They built a settlement called Fort Charles, later known as York Factory. It was situated on James Bay in the Hudson Bay region. Before that time, the British traded primarily with the Iroquois natives. After the completion of York Factory, the British fur traders had access to the northern territory and the valuable beaver pelts. The Hudsons Bay company had fierce competition now from the other company, because both wanted control of the fur trade. That started a fur trade war. So the Nor'westers and the Baymen sometimes would do anything to gain control of the fur trade. They would destroy each other's things or bribe the other company's traders with more money. They would even use violence and murder to get more fur. As they competed with the North West Company for furs, the Hudson's Bay men explored much of Canada. Henry Kelsey was the first white explorer to see the buffalo of the western plains. Samuel Hearne set up the first inland trading post at Cumberland House. David Thompson was fifteen when he apprenticed with the Hudson's Bay Company. Later in life, he found the route to the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River.

92. Vancouver Island Map, How To Find Us, Beaconsfield Inn, British Columbia, Canada of the Northwest company and the hudsons's bay company in 1821 Government asked theHudson's bay company to colonize served as the company's western headquarters http://www.beaconsfieldinn.com/mapisland.htm

The Beaconsfield Suite The Gatekeepers Suite The Emily Carr Suite The Garden Suite ... The Hideaway Guest Room Featuring this month! Link One Link Two Link Three Link Four ... Link One The city of Victoria is located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia. You can click on a place name from the map below to get some interesting information about that particular location. Click on any city from the map above for more detailed information. Click on VANCOUVER for information about the Vancouver Int'l Airport. Click on SIDNEY to get the latest information about B.C. Ferries. In 1866, Vancouver Island joined British Columbia to become the youngest of all of Britain's North American colonies. With the exception of a handful of fur traders, none of the approximately 8000 Europeans in the colony had lived more than 25 years on Britain's North Pacific Coast. In 1867, B.C. became part of the Dominion of Canada as part of the territory known as Canada West.

93. Untitled Document If a hudsons bay company agent could reach the river's mouth serving as Mate on aHudson's bay trading boat. in presentday Alberta for the North West company. http://www.pkwy.k12.mo.us/southmiddle/westwardexpansion.htm

Down the Long Hills California Missions The California Missions http://www.bgmm.com/missions/index.htm A well-documented personal page, this site offers brief background information and images of the 21 Missions. Directory of California Missions http://www.ca-missions.org/contact.html Background information on four of the Missions. Railroads Annexation of Texas http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/texan01.htm Congressional resolution to acquire Texas. Colorado: Lore, Legend and Fact http://ellensplace.net/hcg_fac.html Historic activities and people of Colorado with clear images and photographs to complement the facts and tales. Cooking: Pioneer Ways of Preparing and Cooking Meat Cultural Maps http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MAP/map_hp.html Territorial expansion of the US 1775-1920 and more. Donner Party http://members.aol.com/DanMRosen/donner/ The creator of the site, Dan Rosen, says "In honor of the 150th anniversary of the Donner Party, I created a daily log of the Donner Party's journey. The daily logs include diary entries for each day, and quotes from original sources and histories." The Expansion of the American West http://www.americanwest.com/pages/westwrd2.htm A timeline of major events and dates in western expansion.

94. Oregon Prior To 1839 clerks in the service of the hudsons bay company in 1818 clerks in the service ofthe Hudson's bay company in 1818 years in the service of the company, mostly on http://www.oregonpioneers.com/1838.htm

Oregon Inhabitants Prior To 1839 compiled by Stephenie Flora Last Updated 10-25-2002 Prior to the first wagon emigration of 1842 there were many visitors to the Oregon Territory. Some adventurers came by ship, some were fur traders and mountain men that came overland and many were missionaries who came to the wilderness to minister to the native population. Below is a list of some of these individuals, the year in which they came and a brief explanation of who they were. The list is constantly being updated and all additions and corrections are appreciated. 1811 AIKEN, Job: Astorian on Tonquin; drowned at the mouth of the Columbia River 1828 ALEXANDER, Jean P. dit Saunders (see Saunders) 1836 ALTZ, John: 1834 *2: ANDERSON, William Marshall (1807-1881): [OHS MS; also in Frontier Omnibus, edited by A.J. Patrol.] 1834 ANDERSON, Winslow: 1830 ARCOUET, Amable Sr.: 1813: ASHTON, Joseph: Pacific Fur Co Employee; sailor and workman 1830 AUBICHON, Jean Baptiste:

95. Canadian Authors And Publishers By Shown - Isbn: Older Canadian Titles 1 by Harris, R. Cole 0802024955, hudsons bay Catalogue 1910 by Berton, Pierre 0771013396,Georgian bay by Barry, James 1550460625, In Good company by Irving http://www.bookscanada.ca/chist.html

Main cHistory cPolitics cMilitary ... cBiography bookscanada.ca Last updated : August 20, 2001 Older Titles - Canadian History Private Capital by Gwyn, Sandra Bigwin Inn by Mctaggart, Douglas Company Of Adventurers by Newman, Peter Caesars Of The Wilderness by Newman, Peter Great Heart The History Of by Davidson, James West Invasion Of Canada by Berton, Pierre Flames Across The Border by Berton, Pierre Arctic Grail by Berton, Pierre All I Thought About Baseball by Humber, William Interpreting Canadas Past V . 1 by Bumsted, J. M. Away by Burrill, Gary Over The Hills To Georgian Bay by Mackay, Niall Preconfederation Canada by Finlay, J. L. Pioneer Years by Broadfoot, Barry Up The Gatineau 1995 by Martin, Carol (ed) Canadians by Malcolm, Andrew Life In The Clearings verses the Bush by Moodie, Susanna Canada : A Story Of Challenge by Careless, J. M. S. Ottawa River Canals by Legget, Robert F. Rideau Waterway by Legget, Robert Square Mile by Mackay, Donald Anniversary Compulsion by Ackroyd, Peter This Marvellous Terrible Place Post-confederation Canada by Sprague, D. N. Historical Atlas Of Canada V . 1

96. Level 2 we are fighting to keep our publiclyowned electricity company. Victoria on the HudsonsBay Co with almost five hundred men, following the fur trade trails, and http://www.utubc.com/meeting/meeting31.htm

United Transportation Union North Vancouver to Ft. Nelson, BC, Canada Previous Page Home No Charge Summer 2002 How do you get Campbell's ear? SPEAK A LITTLE LOUDER! More Definitions Internet/CALM Coffee : a person who is coughed upon. Flabbergasted : appalled over how much weight you have gained. Abdicate : to give up all hope of ever having a flat stomach. Esplanade : to attempt an explanation while drunk. Willy-nilly : impotent Negligent : describes a condition in which you absentmindedly answer the door in your nightie. Lymph : to walk with a lisp. Gargoyle : an olive-flavored mouthwash. Flatulence : the emergency vehicle that picks you up after you are run over by a steamroller. Balderdash : a rapidly receding hairline. Testicle : a humorous question on an exam. Rectitude : the formal, dignified demeanour assumed by a proctologist immediately before he examines you. Oyster : a person who sprinkles his conversation with Yiddish expressions. Circumvent : the opening in the front of boxer shorts.

97. NEW FRANCE HISTORY of Merchants, sailed the Discover (hudsons old ship October John Guy explored TrinityBay, Newfoundland to after the collapse of the de Monts Trading company. http://www.telusplanet.net/public/dgarneau/french2.htm

NEW FRANCE HISTORY FRENCH HISTORY 1600 - 1614 FRENCH HISTORY FRENCH INDEX Return to Main French INDEX DIRECTORY Return to MAIN HISTORY INDEX The Europeans, having depleted their own resources, look to the colonies as suppliers of these resources, not as Nations of People. The first act of the French is to attempt to impose a trade monopoly on the free trade practice of America. The French are treated with friendliness and hospitality by the Indians, yet the French still label the Indians as savages? The Virginia Company says all colonists and their children will enjoy all liberties. It is often said that the first inhabitants of New France are LES COUREURS DES BOIS because they are an un-submissive people. It is noteworthy that the terms race and racism did not appear until this century. Keep this in mind as you read this early Canadian history. Also remember that racism is well and alive into the 21st century. Science has tried for four hundred years to prove a biological basis to support racism, but has failed to do so. A merchant of St. Malo, named (I)-Francois Grave du Pont ( Pontgrave) (1554-1629), with (I)-Pierre Chauvin de Tonnetuit (d-1603) and with four ships and sixteen colonists, established a settlement at Tadoussac (meaning nipples or breasts). Tadoussac is a well-established fur trading and wintering site at the mouth of the Saguenay River. About 1,000 Algonkin, Etchiman and Montagnais descend on Tadoussac each year to trade. Pont and Chauven returned to France in the autumn with a cargo of furs, leaving sixteen men at Tadoussac.

98. Macdonald http://www.nipissingu.ca/faculty/johnlo/John_Long/coping

Coping with powerful people: Alexander Macdonald and the Albany River Indians John S. Long Native Studies Review 8,1 (1992): 1-21 *Acknowledgements: The author is grateful to George Solomon of Moosonee, Jim Solomon and narrator James Wesley of Kashechewan, and Norman F. Wesley of Moose Factory; without their generous cooperation and sharing, I would never have become interested in Alexander Macdonald. Research into Cree narratives was funded by the National Museums of Canada, whose support is acknowledged with thanks. Similarly the Hudson's Bay Company Archives in Winnipeg, and the General Synod Archives of the Anglican Church of Canada in Toronto provided invaluable assistance. Helpful comments on an earlier draft of this article were provided by Elizabeth Arthur, Mary Black-Rogers, Jennifer S.H. Brown, Toby Morantz and Richard J. Preston. Thanks also to Victor Lytwyn, Robin Davies, Douglas F. Waller, George Hunter and Archie Wesley. During the early years of the fur trade, historians have argued that the James Bay Cree and other northern Indians benefitted from rivalry between opposing fur traders (a view not held today by the Cree). Following the union of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and the North West Company in 1821, the Albany River Cree and their Ojibwe neighbors faced some 80 years of monopoly conditions, until the arrival of Revillon Freres in James Bay in 1903. Cree oral tradition indicates that it was difficult to deal with a powerful HBC

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