1. DOE Fossil Energy - Methane (Gas) Hydrates Buy the Research Report "natural gas in the USA" at MarketResearch.com Shop at MarketResearch.com for premium market research reports. The market for natural gas in the US increased 0.9% in 2001, totaling 25.1 trillion cubic feet. Over the review http://www.fe.doe.gov/oil_gas/methanehydrates

SEARCH THIS SITE Oil Reserves Electricity Regulation Gas Regulation ... Home Methane Hydrates Methane Hydrates A methane hydrate is a cage-like lattice of ice, inside of which are trapped molecules of methane (the chief constituent of natural gas). In fact, the name for its parent class of compounds, "clathrates," comes from the Latin word meaning "to enclose with bars." Methane hydrates form in generally two types of geologic settings: (1) on land in permafrost regions where cold temperatures persist in shallow sediments, and (2) beneath the ocean floor at water depths greater than about 500 meters where high pressures dominate. The hydrate deposits themselves may be several hundred meters thick. Scientists have known about methane hydrates for a century or more. French scientists studied hydrates in 1890. In the 1930s, as natural gas pipelines were extended into colder climates, engineers discovered that hydrates, rather than ice, would form in the lines, often plugging the flow of gas. These crystals, although unmistakably a combination of both water and natural gas, would often form at temperatures well above the freezing point of ordinary ice. Yet, for the next three decades, methane hydrates were considered only a nuisance, or at best, a laboratory oddity.

2. Science News Online (11/9/96): The Mother Lode Of Natural Gas November 9, 1996 The Mother Lode of natural gas Methane hydrates stir tales of hope and hazard By RICH MONASTERSKY molecules of natural gas trapped within crystalline conventional fossil fuels are extremely interested in future use of hydrates. http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arch/11_9_96/bob1.htm

November 9, 1996 The Mother Lode of Natural Gas Methane hydrates stir tales of hope and hazard By RICH MONASTERSKY F or kicks, oceanographer William P. Dillon likes to surprise visitors to his lab by taking ordinary-looking ice balls and setting them on fire. "They're easy to light. You just put a match to them and they will go," says Dillon, a researcher with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Woods Hole, Mass. If the truth be told, this is not typical ice. The prop in Dillon's show is a curious and poorly known structure called methane hydrate. Unlike ordinary water ice, methane hydrate consists of single molecules of natural gas trapped within crystalline cages formed by frozen water molecules. Although chemists first discovered gas hydrates in the early part of the 19th century, geoscientists have only recently started documenting their existence in underground deposits and exploring their importance as a potential fuel. Late last year, a team of oceanographers conducted the most in-depth investigation of methane hydrates to date by drilling into an extensive accumulation beneath the seabed off the coast of the southeastern United States. The results of this research, which are now beginning to appear in the scientific literature, seem to bolster extremely sketchy estimates made years ago about the vastness of the hydrate resource. "It turns out there is a tremendous amount of gas down there," says Charles Paull, a marine geologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a leader of the recent drilling expedition. "It shores up the fact that these are large reserves and makes it increasingly important that they get assessed in terms of whether they are energy-producing deposits or not."

3. Gauging The (natural) Gas gas almost 5,000 times the conventional natural gas resource In terms of carbon,gas hydrates seem twice as massive as all other fossil fuels coal, gas http://whyfiles.org/119nat_gas/

Global energy consumption is expected to grow 60 percent by 2020 over 1997, from 380 quadrillion BTUs to 608 quadrillion BTUs. One barrel of oil supplies about 5.8 million BTUs. U.S. Energy Information Administration Globally, natural gas consumption is expected to more than double by 2020. Is this increase sustainable with present supplies? U.S. Energy Information Administration More than half the Earth's organic carbon is found in gas hydrates Courtesy USGS The Why Files wins big! This article won the 2002 Science in Society writing award from the National Association of Science Writers, and the Science Journalism Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Energy crisis III? 5 Oct 2000 With the price of energy heading north and winter heading into the Northern Hemispheric, President Clinton has uncorked the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. While he hopes spilling 30 million barrels of oil will ease the price spiral, other politicians want to drill for oil in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge. Survived Energy Crisis I? Then you must remember this: In 1973, in Oregon, price was no object: this gas station had nothing to sell. The twin energy shocks of the 1970s shook the American economy and lead to dramatic sales of [the horror, the horror!] small, efficient cars. Read about

4. Warming Worries Because this natural methane could be playing an hear more about the tantalizinglyhuge supply of gas hydrates. That's just as well, since fossil fuels don't http://whyfiles.org/119nat_gas/5.html

Sea-level rise triggered by global warming could spark a release of gas hydrate, triggering more global warming due to methane's ability to trap reflected heat in the atmosphere. U.S. Geological Survey Hot under the collar These days, with global temperatures on a dangerous upward trend, discussions of energy resources can't ignore climate impacts. How might gas hydrates affect global warming due to greenhouse gases? The discovery could reduce the already flagging demand for energy conservation since price, more than good intentions, is what reins in demand for energy. Natural gas produces less carbon dioxide than either oil or coal, so substituting it may reduce greenhouse emissions. That carbon might get released accidentally - with catastrophic results. Says Steven Holbrook: "The amount of organic carbon [meaning carbon bonded to hydrogen and perhaps other elements] in these deposits is ... by far the largest such reservoir on Earth, so it is vital to understand whether that reservoir is 'locked up' or whether it exchanges carbon with the oceans and atmosphere, either through gradual or catastrophic processes." Perhaps most important: What is the fate of all that methane? Gram for gram, methane packs more greenhouse punch than carbon dioxide, so deliberate or accidental releases could accelerate global warming.

5. USGS Fact Sheet 021-01: Natural Gas Hydrates: Vast Resource, Uncertain Future natural gas hydrates gas hydrates are natural gas. The volume of carbon contained in methane hydrates worldwide is estimated to be twice the amount contained in all fossil fuels http://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs021-01

U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 021-01 Online Version 1.0 Natural Gas Hydrates: Vast Resource, Uncertain Future By Timothy Collett Gas hydrates are naturally occurring icelike solids in which water molecules trap gas molecules in a cagelike structure known as a clathrate. Although many gases form hydrates in nature, methane hydrate is by far the most common; methane is the most abundant natural gas. The volume of carbon contained in methane hydrates worldwide is estimated to be twice the amount contained in all fossil fuels on Earth, including coal. Download a PDF version of this fact sheet [116K] Download Adobe Acrobat Reader version 4.0 for free URL of this page: http://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs021-01/ Maintained by: Eastern Publications Group Web Team Created 04/10/01 Last modified: 04/10/01 (krw)

6. Gauging The (natural) Gas gas hydrates could supply almost unlimited energy supply Globally, natural gas consumption is expected to on the fossilfuel horizon gas hydrates? carbon, gas hydrates seem twice as massive as all other fossil fuels coal, gas and http://whyfiles.news.wisc.edu/119nat_gas

Global energy consumption is expected to grow 60 percent by 2020 over 1997, from 380 quadrillion BTUs to 608 quadrillion BTUs. One barrel of oil supplies about 5.8 million BTUs. U.S. Energy Information Administration Globally, natural gas consumption is expected to more than double by 2020. Is this increase sustainable with present supplies? U.S. Energy Information Administration More than half the Earth's organic carbon is found in gas hydrates Courtesy USGS The Why Files wins big! This article won the 2002 Science in Society writing award from the National Association of Science Writers, and the Science Journalism Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Energy crisis III? 5 Oct 2000 With the price of energy heading north and winter heading into the Northern Hemispheric, President Clinton has uncorked the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. While he hopes spilling 30 million barrels of oil will ease the price spiral, other politicians want to drill for oil in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge. Survived Energy Crisis I? Then you must remember this: In 1973, in Oregon, price was no object: this gas station had nothing to sell. The twin energy shocks of the 1970s shook the American economy and lead to dramatic sales of [the horror, the horror!] small, efficient cars. Read about

7. Seismic Studies On The Blake Ridge Gas Hydrates Gateway To North America's Electrical Industry Our Site About Us/Staff Feedback Web Advertising Plans CAN Web Advertising Plans - USA Training Conferences Electricity Forum Training Institute(EFTI) Industry Conferences Directories T D Companies http://obs.er.usgs.gov/BlakeRidge95.html

Find USGS CMGP Web Information Woods Hole Field Center text version Seismic Studies on the Blake Ridge Gas Hydrates R/V Cape Hatteras Cruise CH 18-95 Cruise Report R/V JOIDES Resolution Summary Experiment Narrative Cruise Participants ... Related Sites Cruise Overview R/V/ Cape Hatteras cruise CH 18-95 utilized seismic methods to study of the gas hydrate deposits of the Blake Ridge region, offshore South Carolina, in conjunction with drilling of Site 994 and 995 of the Ocean Drilling Program ( ODP ) Leg 164. Gas hydrates are a solid structure in which ice forms a cage around a guest gas molecule (usually methane). Natural hydrates are stable in two environments: permafrost regions because of low temperatures (continental hydrates) and deep sea sediments because of high pressure (oceanic hydrates). The amount of oceanic hydrates is believed to exceed that of continental hydrates by about two orders of magnitude (e.g. Sloan, 1990). Scientific interest in natural gas hydrates has increased during the last decade, and this cruise, together with

8. Googlism : What Is Gas Hydrates to exceed combined amounts in conventional natural gas gas hydrates is currentlyestimated to be twice the amount of carbon in all known fossil fuels on earth http://www.googlism.com/what_is/g/gas_hydrates/

Googlism.com will find out what Google.com thinks of you, your friends or anything! Search for your name here or for a good laugh check out some of the popular Googlisms below. "BRILLIANT way of finding out what your name means on the web by cross-referencing Google search results." - Mirror.co.uk Who What Where When Who is What is Where is When is ... $6.95 Web Hosting- Free Setup http://www.omnis.com Free setup, $6.95 Web hosting, free 1-800 tech support, money back guarante ... Reliable Hosting Plans start at $6.95... OnSmart Network http://www.onsmart.net Free setup, $6.95/m, 200MB, 10GB transfers, PHP, MySQL, host multiple sites ... gas hydrates gas hydrates is conservatively estimated to total twice the amount of carbon to be found in all known fossil fuels on gas hydrates is considered to contain at least 1x104 gigatons of carbon in a very conservative estimate gas hydrates is largely due to the huge volume of methane which is assumed to be stored in hydrates gas hydrates is at an all gas hydrates is the cleanest gas hydrates is about 3000 times the amount in the atmosphere gas hydrates is actually closer gas hydrates is at least 10 years away gas hydrates is probably enormous gas hydrates is needed to accurately determine the amount of gas hydrate and associated gas in a given gas hydrates is a continuation of this conference series gas hydrates is a very gas hydrates is led by bill durham gas hydrates is still poorly known gas hydrates is currently taking place in the mackenzie delta gas hydrates is risky because it could

9. Natural Gas Hydrates natural gas hydrates. natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel and thus the mostimportant fuel in the longterm sustainable transition to non-fossil fuels. http://www.metasource.com.au/NR/exeres/D1BB7D49-39BD-4629-B348-6B3D75BB63B3,fram

10. Deep Sea Stores Freshwater And Natural Gas hydrates could be used to generate natural gas and freshwater Megatons of gas hydratesare found at the bottom of as much in tons as fossil fuels and releasing http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/6254.cfm

Edie weekly summaries Keeping you up to speed with news and events from around the world. Front Page UK Europe International ... News Releases Deep sea stores freshwater and natural gas Deep sea reservoirs of methane hydrates could be used to generate natural gas and freshwater. But technological advances are needed to pump out the gas and water without triggering submarine landslides. Methane hydrates are formed at high pressures and low temperatures, such as those found at the ocean bottom, where methane gas crystallises with water into lumps of ice. As methane freezes with ocean saltwater the salt crystallises out, leaving an icy mix of gas and pure water. Mega-tons of gas hydrates are found at the bottom of the ocean - at least twice as much in tons as fossil fuels and releasing less carbon dioxide when burned. The difficulty lies in accessing and transporting the hydrate, which melts and expands 164 times when brought to the sea surface. Hydrate instability in the reservoirs can also trigger submarine landslides, which can cause costly damage to pipelines and undersea cables. “Many technological problems need to be resolved, and these need a coordinated international effort,” says Nick Langhorne, science officer at the Office of Naval Research. Nevertheless, deep sea methane offers an extension to the lifetime of fossil fuels.

11. ENERGY AND SOCIETY: FOSSIL FUELS LECTURE 1 a) oil. b) natural gas. Coal. Nonconventional fuels. Tar Sand. Shale Oil. Coalbed methane. gas hydrates. Goals of this Unit. Formation of fossil fuel deposits. http://www.phys.cwru.edu/courses/p196/docs/Saylor1.htm

ENERGY AND SOCIETY: FOSSIL FUELS LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION Fossil fuels as Energy Resources Fossil fuels are our primary energy resource. Conventional Fuels Petroleum a) oil b) natural gas Coal Non-conventional fuels Tar Sand Shale Oil Coal bed methane Gas hydrates Goals of this Unit Formation of fossil fuel deposits. Occurrence of fossil fuel deposits. Methods of locating fossil fuel deposits Estimating reserves (magnitude, reliability). Nature of Fossil Fuel Resources Derived from fossil organic matter Non-renewable on human time scale (though slowly and continuously being formed) Energy source is ultimately the sun Ð photosynthetic production of organic matter most organic matter destroyed in the year that it is formed, but a small amount gets buried and preserved in the rocks. combustion releases that energy, now stored as chemical energy Coal Until 1960 coal was most important source of World's energy (overtaken by oil) Now 30% of world's electricity and 70% of world's steel coal based 1/3 of all energy produced in the US; 25% of energy used in US; 50% of US electricity production; 48% of all energy exports

12. USGS Fact Sheet 021-01: Natural Gas Hydrates: Vast Resource, Uncertain Future most abundant natural gas. The volume of carbon contained in methane hydrates worldwideis estimated to be twice the amount contained in all fossil fuels on http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs021-01/

U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 021-01 Online Version 1.0 Natural Gas Hydrates: Vast Resource, Uncertain Future By Timothy Collett Gas hydrates are naturally occurring icelike solids in which water molecules trap gas molecules in a cagelike structure known as a clathrate. Although many gases form hydrates in nature, methane hydrate is by far the most common; methane is the most abundant natural gas. The volume of carbon contained in methane hydrates worldwide is estimated to be twice the amount contained in all fossil fuels on Earth, including coal. Download a PDF version of this fact sheet [116K] Download Adobe Acrobat Reader version 4.0 for free URL of this page: http://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs021-01/ Maintained by: Eastern Publications Group Web Team Created 04/10/01 Last modified: 04/10/01 (krw)

13. Non-Conventional Energy Sources NonConventional fossil fuels, solar, wind and another energy resources. gas HydrateProject - NTNU An introduction to natural gas hydrates, NTNU's (Norway http://power.about.com/cs/nonconventional/

zfp=-1 About Power/Energy Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Power/Energy with Andre Titarenko Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Chat ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Iraq Oil Furnace Oil Alaska Oil ... All articles on this topic Business Directory Alternative Energy B2B Markets Coal Electric Power Utilities ... Waste Management Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Non-Conventional Hydrocarbon Fuels Guide picks Non-Conventional Fossil Fuels, solar, wind and another energy resources. Renewable Energy Resources This page is a starting point to explore the alternative and renewable energy resources like solar power, geothermal, biomass, tide and windpower. Some old renewables links have been moved to this page. Coal Gasification: SASOL South Africa concern that produces motor fuel form coal and covers all the South Africa fuel needs. Coalbed Methane: BPI Industries BPI is positioned to become a major coalbed methane producer. Heavy Oil: Barrington Petrol. Ltd.

14. Centre For Alternative Transportation Fuels - CATF Database natural gas hydrates are akin to slush balls of suggest that the world's natural gashydrate reservoirs other known sources of fossil fuels, including natural http://catf.bcresearch.com/catf/catf.nsf/CatalogByTitle/6BE00499D0FF694488256BB3

BC Research Inc. Alternative Transportation Fuels Database Title Authors All ARTICLES INDEX: About CATF Contact CATF CATF Review A ... Return to previous page > CATF Article No. Natural Resources Canada Leads Natural Gas Hydrates Research Expedition in the Northwest Territories Source: Pages: Date: 2002 - Apr - 09 ABSTRACT Natural gas hydrates are akin to slush balls of water and natural gas that form in low temperatures and under high pressure. Many reservoirs are located within deep permafrost of certain Arctic sedimentary basins and in marine sediments in coastal zones. Estimates suggest that the world's natural gas hydrate reservoirs contain more than twice the amount of energy found in all other known sources of fossil fuels, including natural gas, oil, coal, and oil sands. The research project began in mid-December 2001, led by NRCan's Geological Survey of Canada. The project areas was the Mallik gas hydrate field in the Mackenzie Delta on the shores of the Beaufort Sea. Three research wells were drilled through the permafrost. This drilling and the associated scientific program were aimed at helping evaluate the potential and economic viability of gas hydrate production, and to study the role of gas hydrates in climate change. (The release of gas from such reservoirs would increase the amount of methane in the atmosphere.) The project involved more than 50 scientists. Those involved are very encouraged by the results of the production testing, a first step toward evaluating gas hydrates as a practical source of energy. Being able to economically access hydrates could make many nations much more energy self-sufficient.

15. BBC News | Sci/Tech | Future Fuel Lies Ocean Deep energy content of all the conventional fossil fuels that's oil, gas and coal -and you compare it with the energy content in natural gas hydrates, you find http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_166000/166427.stm

Front Page World UK UK Politics ... Help Monday, September 7, 1998 Published at 17:48 GMT 18:48 UK Sci/Tech Future fuel lies ocean deep The vast energy source sits in mud at the bottom of the ocean Scientists believe there is a vast and as yet untapped source of energy locked in mud at the bottom of the ocean. They say frozen natural gas produced by deep sea bacteria has built up over thousands of years to provide the huge energy reserve. Dr Ben Clennel, from the Earth sciences department at Leeds University, has made a special study of these methane ice "gas hydrates". Dr Ben Clennel: "There is twice as much energy" Speaking at the British Association Science Festival being held at Cardiff University, he said: "If you add together the energy content of all the conventional fossil fuels - that's oil, gas and coal - and you compare it with the energy content in natural gas hydrates, you find that there is about twice as much energy potentially available in natural gas hydrates than there is for all the fossil fuel resources that have been exploited in the past. And we think we can exploit that in the future." Gas hydrates are effectively frozen mixtures of ice and water sitting in mud a few metres below the ocean floor in a layer a few hundred metres thick. They are found in both low and high latitudes, and there are believed to be concentrated fields of the ice off the Shetland Isles. ... BBC Homepage Sci/Tech Contents Relevant Stories Science under the microscope I compute therefore I am Changes in the wind Internet Links

16. BBC News | SCI/TECH | Fossil Fuel Revolution Begins 80,000 times greater than those for conventional natural gas. it is due to burningfossil fuels, then you would be concerned at gas hydrates being burned http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_532000/532468.stm

low graphics version feedback help You are in: Sci/Tech Front Page World UK ... Audio/Video Tuesday, 23 November, 1999, 01:40 GMT Fossil fuel revolution begins The methane could be liquefied at sea and transported by tanker By BBC News Online's Damian Carrington The first step in a new era of global energy production is being taken, with a Japanese attempt to recover vast reserves of frozen methane gas from under the ocean floor. End of the energy crisis? Professor Richard Selley The drilling project began on Friday and is the first commercial offshore attempt but it is fraught with danger. Accidental releases of vast volumes of the buried gas have in the past led to the destruction of oil platforms in the Caspian Sea. These releases are also a possible explanation for the mysterious disappearances of ships. "It's horrifically dangerous," said Professor Richard Selley, a gas hydrate expert at the Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London. "If they drill in with a conventional drill ship and they hit the stuff and destabilise it, all the gas comes bubbling up and the ship will sink. "The Japanese are the brave souls who are drilling this first commercial test offshore," added Professor Selley. "It may be very easy to avoid the risk of a catastrophic blowout but this is the first to test it."

17. Shuqiang Gao's Homepage reservoir to simultaneously recover natural gas with no Clearly the research on gashydrates shows great of the availabe fossil fuels, gas hydrates would be http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~sqgao/

Learn all you can, who knows how far you'll go A s a second year student at Chemical Engineering Department at Rice University, I am in the research group of Professor Walter G. Chapman. I am also amember of the SPE Rice-UH student chapter, you are welcome to visit our homepage . My research interest is to investigate the formation and decomposition mechanism of gas hydrates using pulse gradient NMR technique and molecular simulation. To show my gratitude for your visit of my page, let me tell you something about gas hydrates Gas hydrate looks very similar to ice. You can call it weird ice because you can set it on fire. But take a look at this picture . Hah! Surprised?! Gas hydrates are just so cool and interesting! The structure of gas hydrate is very different from ice. In gas hydrate, the water molecules arrange themselves around gas molecule to form a cage like structure You must have heard about Bermuda Triangle . Many stories relate Bermuda Triangle to UFOs. However, the most convincing explaination so far is that the dissociation of gas hydrates under the sea floor of Bermuda Triangle is responsible for the disappearance of ships/planes. As the gas hydrates dissociate, the gas will release from gas hydrates and float up toward the surface of the sea, which will decrease the density of sea water. Consequently the sea water is not able to support the ship anymore. The ship will sink straightly to the ocean bottom.

18. Mr impact of fossil fuels on global climate change. What are gas hydrates? gas hydratesare snowlike crystals that contain water and natural gas (mostly methane http://www.house.gov/science/holder_051299.htm

Mr. Chairman and Committee Members, I am pleased and honored to be invited to testify before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment regarding "S 330: Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act of 1998". I have conducted research on methane hydrates for more than 25 years focusing on both the properties of hydrates and the possible production of methane gas from hydrates. S 330 will not only provide an opportunity for outstanding scientific inquiry into the very frontiers of geophysics, oceanography and chemical engineering, but will also have important consequences for the future of the world’s energy supply and for the potential impact of fossil fuels on global climate change. What are gas hydrates? Gas hydrates are snow-like crystals that contain water and natural gas (mostly methane) which is virtually identical to the natural gas which, after processing, is burned in our homes. Gas hydrates are found beneath the earth’s oceans and beneath permafrost regions. If hydrates are brought to the ocean or land surface and exposed, the hydrates will melt and the gas will escape. About 160 cubic feet of natural gas is recovered from each cubic foot of hydrate. The goal of S 330 is to support research that will allow recovery of the gas in methane hydrates so that the gas can be used as an energy resource. Why are natural gas hydrates of interest?

19. Cosmiverse Reference Library for the commercial extraction of gas hydrates has not III REMOVING AND REFINING FOSSILFUELS. instruments to locate underground petroleum, natural gas, and coal http://www.cosmiverse.com/reflib/Fossil Fuels Page 2.htm

20. Methane Hydrates all the other forms of fossil fuels combined, said in 1992 because conventionalgas resources seemed which leads the department's natural gas and ultraclean http://www.engr.pitt.edu/chemical/news/press_releases/hydrates1.html

News Upcoming Events Seminars Bayer Lectures Dean Holder Addresses Methane Hydrate Issues The potential of methane hydrates as a possible source of clean energy is receiving substantial interest. The Pittsburgh Post Gazette addressed this topic in the December 13, 1999 article by Byron Spice " Icy substance called gas hydrate might be source of clean-burning fuel ." In the article Dean Holder shares his insight and extensive experinece in gas hydrates. For the full text of this article see http://www.post-gazette.com/healthscience/19991213hydrate1.asp The magnitude of the energy available for methane hydrates was initially quantified by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1995. The USGS suggested that hydrate deposits entrapped between 112,000 trillion cubic feet and 676,000 trillion cubic feet of methane. The estimate was refined in 1997 to a more conservative 200,000 trillion cubic feet. Even this lower estimate is significant when compared to the 1,400 trillion cubic feet in the nation's conventional gas reserves. On a world-wide basis, it is estimated that methane hydrate reserves are 400 million trillion cubic feet, compared with 5,000 trillion feet in known gas reserves.

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