41. Eye On The Empire By Alan Bock the FARC of being drug traffickers is grossly unfair, and shows that you have noknowledge of colombian history other than what has been in the US media lately http://www.antiwar.com/bock/b080599.html

August 5, 1999 THE NEXT WAR? I should have known it when I talked to "drug czar" Gen. Barry McCaffrey's people a couple of weeks ago about the good general's selective use of information from the Institute of Medicine report his office had commissioned and all they wanted to talk about was McCaffrey's trip to Colombia and how dangerous it was that Colombia's revolutionary guerrillas were openly cooperating with cocaine growers and narcotraffickers. This was before a heavily modified and customized De Havilland RC-7 reconnaissance plane crashed into a Colombian mountainside , killing five American soldiers and two Colombian military officers. The drug warriors were already laying the propaganda groundwork, before the crash, to begin the process of softening up the public to the idea that the next major American military intervention might be in Colombia, to counteract the dangerous combinations of violent Marxist guerrillas and ruthless narcotics traffickers tearing up the fabric of Colombian society. And small wonder. To a career military officer formerly in charge of the southern command, a somewhat metaphorical "war on drugs" in which severe criticism of the warriors was permitted could hardly be as satisfying as a real shooting war with mobilizations, maneuvers and muzzling.

42. | Review | The History Teacher, 35.3 | The History Cooperative It has also made it possible for the opposition party to take power and explainsthose pendulum shifts in colombian history, such as in 1849, 1885, 1930, and http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ht/35.3/br_17.html

Review General Books Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society , by Frank Safford and Marco Palacios. New York/Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002. 404 pages. $24.95, paper. This is the long-announced survey of the history of Colombia by Frank Safford and Marco Palacios in Oxford's Latin American Histories series. Central America and Chile are already in their third edition, Argentina, Bolivia, the Caribbean, and Cuba in their second, while Brazil, Mexico, and Peru have new authors with entirely new histories. Nevertheless, the wait is richly rewarded. This is now the best single-volume history of Colombia although some may still prefer David Bushnell's The Making of Modern Colombia (1967). These individual Macondos make up the Colombian regions and nation, but in ever shifting relationships whose organizing principles and evolution have often escaped the understanding of historians but not that of Safford and Palacios. Many monographs from different disciplines have been produced on Colombia in the last thirty years. Safford and Palacios have benefited enormously from this production. To their credit they have actually read most of them. Synthesizing Colombia's history involves homogenizing its incredible diversity. Safford and Palacios have solved this problem by providing forty-two tables of country-wide statistics on such topics as population, gold production, slavery, exports, and urbanization. They then provide a solid overview of Colombia's political, economic, social, and urban development.

43. Colombia - Welcome Topics Of Conversation Conversation Welcome topics of conversation. General Guidelines. It's an assetto make the effort to learn colombian history and culture before your visit. http://www.executiveplanet.com/business-culture/93200708515.html

Navigate Columnists Advertising / Media Kit Home Colombia WSI - Own # 1 Internet Business $39,700 US Goin2Travel.com - privately owned vacation rentals Conversation Welcome topics of conversation General Guidelines It's an asset to make the effort to learn Colombian history and culture before your visit. Having a basic knowledge of these subjects will do a great deal in establishing rapport. Generally, Colombians are very proud of their culture and national accomplishments. It is considered polite to maintain close eye contact during conversations. Welcome Topics of Conversation positive aspects of Colombia Colombian history, literature, art, music coffee cuisine the city you are visiting the Colombian landscape your home region Topics to Avoid politics terrorism religion illegal drugs drug cartels negative remarks about bullfighting complaints about the city you are visiting differences between Colombian culture and yours complaints of any kind Comments on this article No comments. Start a new discussion thread What's New Signup for our FREE BizCulture newsletter click here to subscribe ExecutivePlanet.com was featured in a recent issue of TIME magazine!

44. Colombian Military Translate this page A few months ago, for the first time in colombian history, the Military JusticeSystem condemned and imprisoned an army general, Jaime Humberto Uscategui, in http://www.colombiaemb.org/colombian_military.htm

Home FAQs Consular Section Visas ... Colombia Quick Facts Links MINISTRY OF DEFENSE: www.mindefensa.gov.co Documents Results of fight against illegal self defense groups Public Force Operational Results, first half 2001 Resultados operacionales de la fuerza pública. 1999-2000 Resultados operacionales de la Fuerza Pública, Primer sem. 2001 ... Resultados de la Operación Internacional Conjunta Guaitara Related Articles THE NEW YORK TIMES: The Hostage Business: Kidnapping with Money as the only object. Colombia's Army Steps Up Its Challenge to Rebels REVISTA SEMANA: El Revolcón CARACOL RADIO: Congresistas colombianos rechazan comentarios del New York Times Ejército colombiano recibe seis helicópteros "Halcones Negros" EL TIEMPO: Habla estratega y ejecutor de la "Operación Gato Negro". E.U. donará 4,5 millones de dólares para reforzar cárceles en Colombia Hay tres homicidos cada hora en Colombia, según la Policía. Economía bajo fuego ... Dos cárceles colombianas tipo alcatraz Colombian Military and Law Enforcement Strengthening the Police and the Military.

45. Historical Text Archive It is expected that with time, people (including those historians interested incolombian history) will begin to attempt wider explanations of the selfgoal http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=120

46. Grad Students edu , Latin America, American, Global, Environmental, and Legal History, Naturein Dispute Land, Territory and Biodiversity in colombian history, 18501995 . http://www.fiu.edu/~history/Graduates/students.htm

FIU Home Undergraduates Graduate Studies Courses ... Contact us Graduate Students This is a current list of the History graduate students, e-mail addresses, program status and their areas of interest. Dissertation titles are given only for PhD students who have been advanced to candidacy. Mark Ardois, MA Student, markardois@hotmail.com , American history Jessica Barrella, MA Student, wolfpaks@msn.com American history, US foreign relations. Mayra Beers, PhD Student, beersm@fiu.edu , Latin America, The Church in Colonial Peru, "Murder in San Isidro: Public Power and Private Influence in the Cuban Republic, 1900-1920" Amaury Betancourt, PhD Student, abetan01@fiu.edu, Latin America Melanie Brown, PhD Student, melbrown10@hotmail.com , American history Chris Calvo, PhD Student, ccalvo@yahoo.com, Charity Coker Gonzalez, PhD Student, cokerc@fiu.edu, Latin America, Women's Suffrage in Colombia, "Agitating for Their Rights: Colombian Women's Struggle for Political and Civil Rights, 1930-1957" Miguel Costa, PhD Student, lcosta01@fiu.edu

47. Colombian Gold Coins Colombian Gold Coins Brief colombian history Colombia is in the north west of SouthAmerica. It is bordered by Panama, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Venezuela. http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk/colombia.html

Contents Main Page Countries Index Krugerrands ... Krugerrands For Sale Sovereigns Sovereign Information Sovereigns For Sale Year 2000 Sovereigns Gold Bars Bars Information Bars For Sale Half Sovereigns Half Sovereign Information ... Year 2000 Half Sovereigns About Us About Us Our Selling Terms Order Form UK Order Form USA Colombian Gold Coins Brief Colombian History Colombia is in the north west of South America. It is bordered by Panama, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Venezuela. Santa Marta was settled by 1525, Colombia was established as a Spanish colony in 1549, although at that time, and until 1861, it was called Nueva Granada or New Granada. Independence was declared in 1810 , and secured in 1819 when Simon Bolivar united Colombia, Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador as the Republic of Gran Colombia, although Venezuela withdrew in 1829, Ecuador in 1830, and Panama in 1903. Colombian Gold Coins Apart from coffee and cocaine, Colombia has resources of precious metals including platinum and gold. It is natural therefore that Colombia has a long history of issuing gold coins. Its earliest gold coins were escudos in various multiples because of its Spanish heritage, but from about 1821, its main denomination was the peso. Colombia in common with most latin american countries has experienced inflation, so that it has issued gold coins with a denominations as low as 1 peso, and as high as 100,000 pesos. Pope Paul VI - 1968 Bogota Convention In 1968, Pope Paul VII opened the 39th Eucharistic Convention which was held on Bogota, Colombia. To celebrate this event, Colombia issued a gold 300 pesos gold coin. The obverse of this coin shows a bust of Pope Paul VII, with the inscription:-

48. The Right Way To Eat Colombian culture. Colombian literature. - colombian history. (Or at leastshow curiosity about such things). · Topics to avoid - Politics. - Terrorism. http://olap.tamu.edu/etiquette/Upper.htm

49. TORTURE: Never Forget - NI 327 - Sins Of Permission Later that year the then President of Colombia, Ernesto Samper, dismissed the general– the first time in colombian history that a serving general had been http://www.newint.org/issue327/sins.htm

New Internationalist September 2000 Torture / IMPUNITY Yanette Bautista’s struggle for justice to be served against her sister’s killers has led to a declaration of war from her enemies. But, as David Ransom reports, she isn’t about to let truth become the first casualty. The bullies and torturers of history always aim to divert the passage of time to their side. Even if the judgement of history sometimes falls heavily on a gravestone, in the land of the living that beats a spell behind bars any day. So it is in Latin America today that such villains and their heirs, harried as they are by people who aim to see justice done however long it takes, have set out to erase with fear all trace of human affection and recollection. In the tortured country of Colombia in particular, a war is now being waged against the defenders of human rights, against anyone prepared to bear witness against abuse. On current trends, its savagery could eventually surpass in extent and excess the original human-rights abuses themselves. Nydia Bautista was 32 years old when she died in 1987. A year earlier she had been held in illegal detention for three weeks, tortured and released only after signing a prepared statement that she had been well treated. On 30 August she left her house in the Casablanca district of the Colombian capital, Bogotá, to accompany a friend to the bus stop. A group of armed men wearing civilian clothes bundled her into a vehicle. She has never been seen again. Subsequent investigations revealed that she had been taken to a ranch. A corpse found in Guayatebal and exhumed in 1990 was shown by forensic tests to be that of Nydia. She had been tortured and killed with a single bullet to the head.

50. Latin American History Sources Colombia Historia de Colombia Collection of Spanish language textsboth secondary and primary dealing with colombian history. Also http://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/History/tm/latin.html

Latin American History General Latin America Studies Sites Regional Sites Indigenous Peoples General Latin America Studies Sites Latin American Studies List of links dealing with all aspects and nations of Latin America maintained by the University of Texas Latin American Network Information Center. Includes a section on history Internet Resources for Latin America "The links in this guide will provide access to a many information resources for Latin American studies. I've included what I consider some of the best places to find unique and useful information, however, these sites are only starting points." Regional Sites Argentina Argentine Presidential Messages igital images of presidential messages from the 19th through 20th century. Brazil Brazilian Government Document Digitization Project Center for Research Libraries project to "digitize executive branch serial documents issued by Brazil's national government during the period between 1821 and 1993, and by its provincial governments from the earliest available for each province to the end of the Empire to 1889." Chile Chile and the United States Part of the National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book series at George Washington University. Provides a brief narrative and declassified documents dealing with the military coup of 1973.

51. OUP USA: Colombia It offers the most extensive discussion available in English of the wholeof colombian historyfrom pre-Columbian times to the present. http://www.oup-usa.org/isbn/019504617X.html

History, World or Browse by Subject paper In Stock Standard cloth In Stock Standard Latin American Histories Table of Contents ... Online Higher Education Comment Card Colombia Fragmented Land, Divided Society FRANK SAFFORD, Northwestern University, and MARCO PALACIOS, El Colegio de Mexico Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society is essential for students of Latin American history and politics, and for anyone interested in gaining a deeper understanding of the history of this fascinating and tumultuous country. 416 pp.; 9 maps; 6-1/8 x 9-1/4; 0-19-504617-X Publication dates and prices are subject to change without notice. Prices are stated in US Dollars and valid only for sales transacted through the US website. Please note: some publications for sale at this website may not be available for purchase outside of the US. This page last updated Friday, 04-Apr-2003 04:32:23 EST Please send comments or suggestions about this server to webmaster@oup-usa.org

52. ZUJI into the conquest of Colombia. Colombia by Harvey F Kline is a wellbalancedoverview of colombian history. Kings of Cocaine by Guy http://www.zuji.com.au/dest/guide/0,1277,ZUJIAU|5422|688|1,00.html

About ZUJI Travel Resource Links Travel Resources Home Research a Destination Convert Currency Check Weather Check Visa Requirements Buy Travel Insurance Flight Arrival/Departure Info Book a Flight Find a Hotel Hire a Car Log-in Log-out Become a Member Site Map Travel Resources Home Destination Guides Travel Tools Regional Guide Introduction Fast Facts Best Time to Visit Money ... Maps Useful Travel Tools Check Weather Convert Currency Check Visa Requirements Flight Arrival/Departure Information ... The Americas : Colombia Colombia Reading List The Search for El Dorado by John Hemming is a very readable overview of Spanish colonization with a fascinating insight into the conquest of Colombia. Colombia by Harvey F Kline is a well-balanced overview of Colombian history. Kings of Cocaine by Guy Gugliotta and Jeff Leen (two Miami Herald journalists) is a detailed insight into Colombia's drug cartels and reads like a fast-paced thriller. Simon Strong's Whitewash maps out the rise and fall of Pablo Escobar and the cocaine wars. The Fruit Palace by Charles Nicholl is an excellent and fascinating introduction to Colombia's often crazy reality, from Indian mountain villages to ramshackle bars.

53. Costa Rica Outdoors Precolombian history Guanacaste's Rich Past by Armando Valverde (translatedby Auriana Koutnik). Guanacaste is a region of tropical http://www.costaricaoutdoors.com/history-cultura-3.htm

Pre-Colombian History: Guanacaste's Rich Past by Armando Valverde (translated by Auriana Koutnik) Historians are not sure how many people lived in this region prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1502. Estimates range from Bishop Thiel's guess last century of 27,200 total inhabitants, to today's widely accepted theory that roughly 400,000 people populated the area upon the Spaniard's arrival. Their dwellings were oval-shaped, thatched wooden huts inhabited by several related families under one leader. The chief's sisters and their husbands, children and grandchildren made up the "tribal family." Other architectural elements of the village included plazas, temples and pathways. The principal economic activity of these tribes was agriculture, although they also depended on hunting and fishing to supplement their diet. Their main crop, which they harvested up to three times per year, was corn. Corn was a dietary staple, and they used it to prepare many of the foods still widely consumed throughout this region, such as corn mush and tortillas. A drink prepared from fermented corn, "Chicha," was drunk from a gourd passed around during socio-religious ceremonies to symbolize peace and brotherhood between the tribes. In Nicoya, "chicha" was alternated with another drink made from cocoa beans, although this was consumed in lesser quantities.

54. Children Of The Andes colombian history Information about Colombia's history, the roots of 'La Violencia'as well as brief outlines of the various guerrilla and political factions. http://www.children-of-the-andes.org/colombia2.html

55. Colombian Court Frees Woman Accused Of Infanticide Before she was released on March 8, Rodriguez had been serving a 42year andsix-month sentence, one of the longest sentences in colombian history. http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/887/context/archive

April 4, 2003 Colombian Court Frees Woman Accused of Infanticide Run Date: 04/23/02 By Asjylyn Loder WEnews correspondent Colombia's high court frees a woman jailed for more than six years on charges she murdered her infant. Her versionthat she was raped, hid the pregnancy and gave birth to a stillborn infantwas never investigated by local authorities. (WOMENSENEWS)In a triumph for the Colombian women's rights movement, a young woman wrongly convicted of strangling her newborn has been released after six years in prison. The Colombian Supreme Court ordered the release of Alba Lucia Rodriguez Cardona from a jail in Abejorral, a small town in the Andes, after deciding that the forensic evidence presented did not support the conviction. Before she was released on March 8, Rodriguez had been serving a 42-year and six-month sentence, one of the longest sentences in Colombian history. The unprecedented severity of her sentencein light of considerably shorter sentences being served by those convicted of kidnapping, narcotics trafficking and massacresoutraged women's rights activists. The doctor who examined Rodriguez's newborn concluded that she had strangled the girl, but Rodriguez testified the baby died after complications during delivery in her home. Rodriguez said she concealed the pregnancy out of shame and fear after being raped by an acquaintance. The doctor and later two lower courts equated her hiding her pregnancy with premeditation of murder.

56. ISEP Institutions Academic notes Particularly recommended for ISEP students are anthropology, arthistory, colombian history and culture, geography, history of education, Latin http://www.isep.org/nus/colombia/

Back to Search and Directory Home Map from used by permission of Microsoft Corporation. Higher Education. After finishing seven years of elementary school and six of secondary school or bachillerato, a student interested in higher education takes at least two examinations: the government's official test (ICFES) and the special admission test of each university. Public educational institutions are supported by the government, and private ones (including those of religious sponsorship) are supported by tuition fees. Each university is divided into faculties, which in turn are divided into departments or programs which manage their respective carreras or majors. Students follow a set plan of study for each semester. The duration of the first degree, or grado, ranges from three years for programs in technology to five years for humanities. After finishing this program of study, a thesis or a set of special comprehensive examinations is sometimes required before the degree is given. Usually the name of the degree designates the type of study that was completed. Another examination has to be taken in order to be accepted for programs at the master's and Ph.D. levels. Classes vary according to the different teaching styles of professors; however, the student must be prepared to work independently. The courses are evaluated by means of written or oral examinations, papers and in-class participation on a numerical scale that ranges from or 1, minimum, to 5, excellent. An evaluation below 3 mandates that the course be repeated. Some universities also require a minimum semester average.

57. SELECT REGISTRY - El Farolito Bed Breakfast Inn Local Bandelier National Monument; Puye Cliffs; Pecos National HistoricalMonument; Wheelwright Museum Regional precolombian history; Museum http://www.selectregistry.com/inns/Attractions.aspx?InnID=322

58. Latin American And Caribbean Information Center A bibliography of annotated entries of works in English on colombian history, geography,economy, politics, culture, religion, the arts, education, mass media http://lacic.fiu.edu/library/find/colombia.cfm

LA Business LA History LA Literature Asians in LA COLOMBIA Haiti Peru Sendero Luminoso PlaceMenu("boundmenu1") PlaceMenu("boundmenu2") PlaceMenu("boundmenu3_on") PlaceMenu("boundmenu4") PlaceMenu("boundmenu5") PlaceMenu("boundmenu_home") collections electronic resources internet resources finding aids Colombia: Guide to Resources Printable Guide For research papers, reports, or reviews requiring critical examination of people, historical events, or themes on Colombia, consult the following: Reference Materials Government Documents Microforms FIU Library Catalog ... Internet Resources I. Reference Materials (all shelved on the 2nd floor, in the Reference Department). Use these sources for a general overview of people and/or events in Colombia. Anuario bibliográfico colombiano / Thorough list of works published in Colombia annually. Bibliographic references for subjects within the humanities, social and applied sciences. Unannotated. UP REF Z1731 .A58 1951-1981 Bibliografía anotada y directorio de antropólogos colombianos / 2 Vols. Alphabetized, fully annotated listing of Colombian bibliographical sources. Cross reference in back divided into anthropological sub disciplines, themes, human groups, geographic areas and time periods. UP REF Z1209.2.C6 B5

59. Cry For Peace By Bert Ruiz across the nation, but in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the 20,000strongFARC guerrilla army one must first examine colombian history. http://www.umc-gbcs.org/csajul1_aug2002.htm

One of the nine men buried up to their necks inside a church in the neighborhood of Bosque in Bogota, June 2002, waits in protest of marginalization and poverty. The men announced they will not unearth themselves until the mayor of Bogota, Antanas Mockus, arrives and listens to their requests Violence in Colombia is often attributed to the drug trade but the truth is much more complex. Cry For Peace by Bert Ruiz Colombia is experiencing one of the worst human rights crises in the Western Hemisphere. To that end, Americans generally confess surprise when they learn that Colombia is the third largest recipient of U.S. foreign aid in the world after Israel and Egypt. Unfortunately the $2.2 billion in U.S. aid since 1999 has done little to stem the violence. In fact, Colombia, a nation twice the size of France and with 42 million citizens, is the site of the most assassinations, massacres and kidnappings on earth. Colombia also is suffering from an absence of significant foreign investment and has seen its once promising tourism industry vanish. The danger to Americans in Colombia is so great that the U.S. State Department has issued a strongly-worded travel warning, urging citizens to avoid travel to the nation. The terror in Colombia is difficult to decipher. It is buried under layers of history and is immensely complicated by the lucrative drug trade. Colombia has had revolutionaries for half a century.

60. The Ghost Of Vietnam Haunts 'Plan Colombia' The shakiness of US knowledge of colombian history is best illustrated by the widelyrepeated falsehood that the civil war there has been going on for 40 years http://www.commondreams.org/views/082000-103.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Sign-Up Featured Views Share This Article With Your Friends Published on Sunday, August 20, 2000 in the Los Angeles Times The Ghost of Vietnam Haunts 'Plan Colombia' by Tad Szulc WASHINGTON As in Vietnam nearly 40 years ago, the United States has embarked on the phantasmagoric enterprise of destroying the countryside of Colombia in order, supposedly, to save it. In the 1960s, the mission was called "Search and Destroy." Today, it's Plan Colombia, the objective of which is to eradicate cocaine drug lords, leftist and rightist guerrillas, right-wing paramilitary vigilantes, thugs and thousands in between. In Vietnam, the enemy was identified as communists. In Colombia, everyone seems to be a potential enemy. Congress quietly approved U.S. armed intervention in Colombia last month, complete with at least 60 Black Hawk and Huey-2 helicopter gunships with U.S. crews. U.S. Army Special Forces are already training two Colombian battalions in counterinsurgency. President Bill Clinton is expected to endorse the mission Aug. 30 on a one-day visit to Colombia. Most Americans seem to have no idea that Plan Colombia threatens to suck the United States into the longest and most brutal civil war in the Western Hemisphere, which has lasted on and off for 160 years. It has never been explained to them, just like Vietnam was never explained at the outset.

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