1. Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius : Rome At The End Of The Punic Wars [Histor English translation of Book 6 of polybius' History http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius6.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE) Rome at the End of the Punic Wars History , Book 6] [Thatcher Introduction]: ROME, with the end of the third Punic war, 146 B. C., had completely conquered the last of the civilized world. The best authority for this period of her history is Polybius. He was born in Arcadia, in 204 B. C., and died in 122 B. C. Polybius was an officer of the Achaean League, which sought by federating the Peloponnesus to make it strong enough to keep its independence against the Romans, but Rome was already too strong to be resisted, and arresting a thousand of the most influential members, sent them to Italy to await trial for conspiracy. Polybius had the good fortune, during seventeen years exile, to be allowed to live with the Scipios. He was present at the destructions of Carthage and Corinth, in 146 B. C., and did more than anyone else to get the Greeks to accept the inevitable Roman rule. Polybius is the most reliable, but not the most brilliant, of ancient historians. An Analysis of the Roman Government Rome And Carthage Compared An Analysis of the Roman Government In all these things that have now been mentioned, the people has no share. To those, therefore, who come to reside in Rome during the absence of the consuls, the government appears to be purely aristocratic. Many of the Greeks, especially, and of the foreign princes, are easily led into this persuasion: when they perceive that almost all the affairs, which they are forced to negotiate with the Romans, are determined by the senate.

2. Fordham University English translation of Book 6 of polybius' HistoryCategory Arts Classical Studies Roman polybius......Back to Ancient History Sourcebook . Ancient History Sourcebook polybius (c.200after118 BCE) Rome at the End of the Punic Wars History, Book 6. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius6.html&e=747

3. Fordham University Ancient History Sourcebook polybius (c.200after 118 BCE) The Battle of Cannae,216 BCE. Source From polybius, The Histories of polybius, 2 Vols., trans. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius-cannae.html&e=747

4. Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius: The Character Of Hannibal From the 1889 translation of polybius' work by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius-hannibal.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE) The Character of Hannibal The Histories , Book IX, Chapters 22-26: Of all that befell the Romans and Carthaginians, good or bad, the cause was one man and one mind-Hannibal. For it is notorious that he managed the Italian campaigns in person, and the Spanish by the agency of the elder of his brothers, Hasdrubal, and subsequently by that of Mago, the leaders who killed the two Roman generals in Spain about the same time. Again, he conducted the Sicilian campaign first through Hippocrates and afterwards through Myttonus the Libyan. So also in Greece and Illyria: and, by brandishing before their faces the dangers arising from these latter places, he was enabled to distract the attention of the Romans thanks to his understanding with King Philip [Philip V, King of Macedon]. So great and wonderful is the influence of a Man, and a mind duly fitted by original constitution for any undertaking within the reach of human powers. But since the position of affairs has brought us to inquiry into the genius of Hannibal, the occasion seems to me to demand that I should explain in regard to him the peculiarities of his character which have been especially the subject of controversy. Some regard him as having been extraordinarily cruel, some exceedingly grasping of money. But to speak the truth of him, or of any person engaged in public affairs, is not easy. Some maintain that men's natures are brought out by their circumstances, and that they are detected when in office, or as some say when in misfortunes, though they have up to that time completely maintained their secrecy. 1, on the contrary, do not regard this as a sound dictum. For I think that men in these circumstances are compelled, not occasionally but frequently, either by the suggestions of friends or the complexity of affairs, to speak and act contrary to real principles.

5. Polybius, U. Of Saskatchewan John Porter translates polybius' general analysis of the Roman constitution during the era of the Second Punic War. polybius 6.1118 The Constitution of the Roman Republic http://www.usask.ca/antharch/cnea/DeptTransls/Polybius.html

To Home Page To Translations Menu Polybius 6.11-18: The Constitution of the Roman Republic John Porter, translator Notice: [Polybius here sets forth a general analysis of the Roman constitution at the time of the Second Punic War.] I have already mentioned the three divisions of government in control of state affairs. All three were so equally and fittingly set out and organized in all respects as regards their respective roles that no one, not even any of the Romans themselves, could say for certain whether their system of government was aristocratic in its general nature, or democratic, or monarchical. And this uncertainty was only reasonable, for if we were to focus on the powers of the consuls it would appear to be altogether monarchical and kingly in nature. If, however, we were to focus on the powers of the Senate, it would appear to be a government under the control of an aristocracy. And yet if one were to look at the powers enjoyed by the people, it would seem plain that it was democratic in nature. As for the parts of government controlled by each element, they were at that time and (with a few exceptions) still are as follows: lustrum I have now indicated how the various functions of the state are divided among the different parts of the government. Now I will indicate how each can counteract the others, should it so wish, or work in harmony with them. Whenever the consul should set out on a military expedition invested with the aforementioned powers and with

6. Polybius And The Founding Fathers The Separation Of Powers polybius' influence on the Founding Fathers and separation of powers in the United States Constitution.Category Science Social Sciences American Government Constitution......polybius' influence on the Founding Fathers and separation of powers http://www.sms.org/mdl-indx/polybius/intro.htm&e=747

7. Polybius And The Founding Fathers: The Separation Of Powers polybius' influence on the Founding Fathers and separation of powers in the United States Constitution. http://www.sms.org/mdl-indx/polybius/intro.htm

8. Polybius And The Founding Fathers: The Separation Of Powers Marshall Davies Lloyd's threechapter essay studies the Greek historian polybius' influence on the American founding fathers. http://www.sms-va.com/mdl-indx/polybius/polybius.htm

Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers 1999 Donald E. Glover Award, outstanding final project Marshall Davies Lloyd St. Margaret’s School Sept. 22, 1998; under the direction of Diane Hatch, Professor of Classics Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Virginia TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Dedication Intro Ch 1 ... Bibliography DEDICATION This paper is presented to Dr. Linda J. Piper, my beloved Ancient History Professor, on the occasion of her retirement from the Classics and History departments at the University of Georgia. Five years or so ago, she first introduced our class to the Greek historian Polybius and the wonders of anacyclosis. We bemoaned the fact that Polybius receives too little credit for his contributions to the U.S. Constitution. The class discussion that day was one of the finest experiences I ever had at Georgia. On that day, Dr. Piper expressed a wish that someone would write a paper on Polybius’ influence on the Founding Fathers. Now that Dr. Piper is retiring, all I could think of this semester has been how I would like to present her this paper as a small token of thanks for her enthusiasm both for the classics and her students, for her willingness to serve on my thesis committee, and most especially for her attending my wedding. Dr. Piper, as you retire, I hope you will never forget what you mean to the lives of so many. I despair for Georgia and grieve for the students for whom Roman History now will be a faint shadow of the experience we once had with you at the helm. I wish you the best in the years to come. My father has thoroughly enjoyed his retirement from the Classics. I hope you will too. God bless you.

9. Polybius And The Founding Fathers The Separation Of Powers polybius and the Founding Fathers the separation of powers 1999 Donald E. GloverAward, outstanding final project 32. James Madison also knew polybius’ work. http://www.sms.org/mdl-indx/polybius/polybius.htm&e=747

10. Crete An outlined history of Ancient Crete with historical comments on the character of the people, including excerpts from the works of polybius. http://64.226.87.51/topics/crete.html

Crete Basic features of Cretan History and Reports on the Character of the People, in Support of the Study of the Epistle to Titus Crete is an island which forms a southern boundary to the Aegean Sea, and lies southeast of Greece. Crete is 156 miles long, seven to thirty-five miles wide, and 3,189 square miles in area. It is the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica), and is on the spine of an undersea mountain range thought to have formed at one time a land bridge between the Greek Peloponnesian peninsula and southern Turkey. In ancient times, Crete was the main stepping stone (by sea) between Greece and Africa, and between Asia Minor and Africa. The Philistines may have migrated to Palestine from Greece, having been located on Crete for a time in the ancient past. Crete is centrally located, but very little was known of its history prior to the Greek period. It was not until the archaeological expeditions of Sir Arthur Evans in the late 19th Century that the facts of ancient Cretan history became known. Evans was an out-of-work millionaire in England, so he took a position as the curator of the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University in Oxford, England. He was an avid amateur archaeologist, but he was to achieve a reputation which placed him among the most professional. Evans was also a numismatist, and he heard about some very interesting signet rings which had supposedly been left on the island of Crete by some ancient Egyptians. Taking an extended vacation from the museum, he sailed his personal yacht to Crete in 1894. He arrived in the harbor at Knossos in that year, and he began an archaeological dig at a place nearby called the Kephala site. On the very first day of digging, he uncovered the top of a bronze age palace. He knew that he had found something, but the property didn't belong to him; so he covered up the hole and began negotiations with the Greek government on Crete to purchase the site.

11. Siege Of Syracuse (Polybius) UNIVERSAL HISTORY. by polybius (c. 200118 BC) http://www.mcs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Siege/Polybius.html

P O L Y B I U S Back to . . . Archimedes Home Page Drexel University This section . . . Introduction Polybius Livy Plutarch Dio Cassius U NIVERSAL H ISTORY by Polybius (c. 200-118 BC BOOK VIII T he strength of the defences of Syracuse is due to the fact that the city wall extends in a circle along high ground with steeply overhanging crags, which are by no means easy to climb, except at certain definite points, even if the approach is uncontested. Accordingly Archimedes had constructed the defences of the city in such a wayboth on the landward side and to repel any attack from the seathat there was no need for the defenders to busy themselves with improvisations; instead they would have everything ready to hand, and could respond to any attack by the enemy with a counter-move. For his part Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was equipped with penthouses and scaling-ladders, brought these into operation to attack the part of the wall which adjoins the Hexapyli gate to the east. Meanwhile Marcellus was attacking the quarter of Arcradina from the sea with sixty quinqueremes, each vessel being filled with archers, slingers and javelin-throwers, whose task was to drive the defenders from the battlements. Besides these vessels he had eight quinqueremes grouped in pairs. Each pair had had half of their oars removed, the starboard bank for the one and the port for the other, and on these sides the vessels were lashed together. They were then rowed by the remaining oars of their outer sides, and brought up to the walls the siege engines known as

12. Bill Thayer's Web Site polybius The Histories. The Author, the Manuscripts. As with most ancient verysummarily. The Text of polybius on LacusCurtius. As always http://www.ku.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/home.

queries and e-mail Italiano Help Welcome to Bill Thayer 's Web Site where you will find: LacusCurtius: 1611 pages, 573 photos, 63 plans, 57 maps 25 additional pages, over 2000 sites But this website isn't all Roman: 1827 print pages, 47 photos, 142 maps As my own small wartime contribution, I'm starting to put some American history online. My first foray into this area is R. E. Lee, by Douglas S. Freeman , the Pulitzer-prize winning biography, still today viewed as definitive, of Gen. Robert E. Lee: an outstanding example of the American character at its best, in many ways the quintessential American historical figure. For now, only volumes I, II, and III (thru the end of 1864) but I expect to have the entire 2400-page 4-volume work fully online by February. The Gazetteer of Italy Churches of Italy section, which already includes 285 churches in 168 pages, 554 photos, and 398 links; plus, quite separately, three entire books on the churches of Rome, covering about 900 of them, past and present, in great detail. (The merest drop in a bucket, by the way: Italy's churches present and past must number at least 100,000.) Also, a few loose ends that will eventually be better organized:

13. Siege Of Syracuse Describes the role of Archimedes and other key figures in the siege of Syracuse during the Second Punic War, as well as accounts by polybius, Livy, and Plutarch. http://www.mcs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Siege/Summary.html

I N T R O D U C T I O N Back to . . . Archimedes Home Page Drexel University This section . . . Introduction Polybius Livy Plutarch Dio Cassius Hiero II BC Hannibal(?) (247-183? BC Hieronymos BC Marcellus (268-208 BC Archimedes (287?-212 BC ) planning the defenses of Syracuse A t the beginning of the third century BC , the Mediterranean basin was controlled by the Carthaginians in the west and the Greeks in the east. The Romans controlled only a small area around Rome, but were poised to march. They locked horns with Carthage in the First Punic War (264-241 BC ), during which they greatly expanded their territory, although they did not capture the city of Carthage itself. The Greek city of Syracuse, where Archimedes lived, initially supported Carthage. But early in the war Rome forced a treaty of alliance from Syracuse's king, Hiero II , that called for Syracuse to pay tribute and provide grain to the Romans. T he Romans and Carthaginians renewed their antagonisms in 218 BC , the beginning of the Second Punic War. Under Hannibal, Carthage gained the first round of victories, culminating in Hannibal's crossing of the Alps into Italy (218 BC ) and his defeat of the Romans at Cannae (216 BC ). Hannibal's successes in Italy helped convince many Syracusans that they were allied with the wrong side.

14. Polybius' Webpage polybius' Necromunda Webpage Has Moved To get to the new location, please click here. And thanks for your interest in my page! This page was created on July 24, 2001. http://www.psnw.com/~polybius

15. Bill Thayer's Web Site An English translation; part of a complete English translation of polybius, in turnpart of asite containing a number of Greek and Latin texts, translations http://www.ku.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/34*.h

queries and e-mail Italiano Help Welcome to Bill Thayer 's Web Site where you will find: LacusCurtius: 1611 pages, 573 photos, 63 plans, 57 maps 25 additional pages, over 2000 sites But this website isn't all Roman: 1827 print pages, 47 photos, 142 maps As my own small wartime contribution, I'm starting to put some American history online. My first foray into this area is R. E. Lee, by Douglas S. Freeman , the Pulitzer-prize winning biography, still today viewed as definitive, of Gen. Robert E. Lee: an outstanding example of the American character at its best, in many ways the quintessential American historical figure. For now, only volumes I, II, and III (thru the end of 1864) but I expect to have the entire 2400-page 4-volume work fully online by February. The Gazetteer of Italy Churches of Italy section, which already includes 285 churches in 168 pages, 554 photos, and 398 links; plus, quite separately, three entire books on the churches of Rome, covering about 900 of them, past and present, in great detail. (The merest drop in a bucket, by the way: Italy's churches present and past must number at least 100,000.) Also, a few loose ends that will eventually be better organized:

16. LacusCurtius • Polybius' Histories Entry page to a complete English translation of the work. most ancient authors, not that much is known of polybius, and the Loeb edition's introductory material, by H. J. Edwards, http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/ho

mail: Bill Thayer Italiano Help Home Polybius: The Histories The Author, the Manuscripts As with most ancient authors, not that much is known of Polybius, and the Loeb edition's introductory material , by H. J. Edwards, is about as good as one can get. The principal manuscripts of the Histories are also treated there; but only very summarily. The Text of Polybius on LacusCurtius As always, I retyped the text rather than scanning it: not only to minimize errors prior to proofing, but as an opportunity for me to become intimately familiar with the work, an exercise which I heartily recommend. (Well-meaning attempts to get me to scan text, if successful, would merely turn me into some kind of machine: gambit declined.) I ran a first proofing pass immediately after entering each book, so that the text of all the books is quite good already . I've now started final proofing: in the table of contents below, books whose text I believe to be completely errorfree are shown on blue backgrounds There is currently (Apr 02) no Greek text of Polybius online. I have no intention whatsoever of doing it myself, having had my bath of Greek with my transcription of Macrobius Edition Used Loeb Classical Library, 6 volumes, Greek texts and facing English translation: Harvard University Press, 1922 thru 1927. Translation by W. R. Paton.

17. Polybius, U. Of Saskatchewan To Home Page To Translations Menu. polybius 6.1118 The Constitutionof the Roman Republic John Porter, translator. Notice This http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/DeptTransls/Polybius.html&e=747

18. Polybius polybius (Polybios) c. 200118 BC http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/polybius.htm

Polybius (Polybios) c. 200-118 BC There can surely be nobody so petty or so apathetic in his outlook that he has no desire to discover by what means and under what system of government the Romans succeeded in less than fifty-three years (for him it was the period from 220, just before the outbreak of the Second Punic War, to 167, the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War against Perseus) in bringing under their rule almost the whole of the inhabited world, an achievement which is without parallel in human history. Polybius had fared better than most of the leaders and intellectuals that Rome had taken from Achaea . While a prisoner, he met the head of one of Rome's great families, Scipio Aemilianus . Scipio found Polybius good company and exchanged books with him. He took Polybius with him on military campaigns, and he introduced Polybius to Rome's high society. Polybius remained in Rome after the other captives returned to Greece, and Scipio became his patron while he attempted to write the history of Rome to 146 BCE a work that happened to be compatible with the views of his patrons. Polybius accompanied Scipio to Carthage and witnessed its destruction in the Third Punic War . Polybius covers the history of the Second Punic was as well, relying on information available to him in Roman records. Polybius is one of the most important early historians.

19. Polybius polybius (Polybios) c. 200118 BC. polybius had fared better than mostof the leaders and intellectuals that Rome had taken from Achaea. http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/polybius.htm&e=747

20. Battle Of Saguntum Polybius And Livy Battle of Saguntum Comparison of polybius and Livy. In this comparison,polybius is a foreign writer living in Rome while writing about it. http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/saguntum-polybius-livy.htm&e=747

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