1. Olaudah Equiano, Or, Gustavus Vassa, The African According to his famous autobiography, written in 1789, Olaudah Equiano (c.17451797) was born in what is now Nigeria. http://www.brycchancarey.com/equiano

Home Slavery Abolition Equiano ... "Olaudah Equiano: Representation and Reality." An International One-Day Conference at Kingston University, London, UK. Saturday 22 March 2003. Click here for more information. Olaudah Equiano, or, Gustavus Vassa, the African According to his famous autobiography, written in 1789, Olaudah Equiano (c.1745-1797) was born in what is now Nigeria. Kidnapped and sold into slavery in childhood, he was taken as a slave to the New World. As a slave to a captain in the Royal Navy, and later to a Quaker merchant, he eventually earned the price of his own freedom by careful trading and saving. As a seaman, he travelled the world, from the Mediterranean to the North Pole. Coming to London, he became involved in the movement to abolish the slave trade, an involvement which led to him writing and publishing The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa the African (1789) a strongly abolitionist autobiography. The book became a bestseller and, as well as furthering the anti-slavery cause, made Equiano a wealthy man. These web pages aim to reflect the best in Equiano scholarship. Click on the links below to find out more, and return to this site soon, as information is regularly updated. A Biography of Equiano A Map of Equiano's Travels An Annotated Bibliography of Equiano Studies Extracts from The Interesting Narrative Boarding a Slave-Ship The Middle Passage Equiano in Cornwall and Guernsey Equiano Gains His Freedom ... A Newspaper Advertisement for

2. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano, Education on the Olaudah Equiano was born in Essaka,an Igbo village in the kingdom of Benin, in 1745. When he was Category Reference Encyclopedias The Slave Trade http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Sequiano.htm

Olaudah Equiano To receive your free copy every week enter your email address below. FREE Education Newsletters - choose below... Education on the Internet Teaching History Online Email: Let keep Ahead .com bring you the world by email Spartacus USA History British History Second World War ... Email Olaudah Equiano was born in Essaka, an Igbo village in the kingdom of Benin, in 1745. When he was about eleven, Equiano was kidnapped and after six months of captivity he was brought to the coast where he encountered white men for the first time. Sold to slave-traders, Equiano was transported to Barbados. After a two-week stay in the West Indies Equiano was sent to the English colony of Virginia. He was later purchased by Captain Henry Pascal, a British naval officer. Equiano saved whatever money he could, and in 1766 purchased his freedom. He then worked closely with

3. Olaudah Equiano olaudah equiano the life of gustavus vassa. selections. Olaudah Equiano composedthe firstever slave autobiography as a freed slave living in England. http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/Equiano.html

olaudah equiano the life of gustavus vassa selections William Henry Holcombe's defense of slavery in "The Alternative" ? How does Equiano employ Enlightenment and Protestant ideas? Does the narrative sound more "African" or more "European"? Why? the life of gustavus vassa chapter 2 The Atlantic Voyage While we stayed on the coast I was mostly on deck; and one day, to my great astonishment, I saw one of these vessels coming in with the sails up. As soon as the whites saw it, they gave a great shout, at which we were amazed; and the more so, as the vessel appeared larger by approaching nearer. At last, she came to an anchor in my sight, and when the anchor was let go, I and my countrymen who saw it, were lost in astonishment to observe the vessel stop and were now convinced it was done by magic. Soon after this the other ship got her boats out, and they came on board of us, and the people of both ships seemed very glad to see each other. Several of the strangers also shook hands with us black people, and made motions with their hands, signifying I suppose, we were to go to their country, but we did not understand them. We were conducted immediately to the merchant's yard, where we were all pent up together, like so many sheep in a fold, without regard to sex or age. As every object was new to me, every thing I saw filled me with surprise. What struck me first, was, that the houses were built with bricks and stories, and in every other respect different from those I had seen in Africa; but I was still more astonished on seeing people on horseback. I did not know what this could mean; and, indeed, I thought these people were full of nothing but magical arts. While I was in this astonishment, one of my fellow-prisoners spoke to a countryman of his, ahout the horses, who said they were the same kind they had in their country. I understood them, though they were from a distant part of Africa; and I thought it odd I had not seen any horses there; but afterwards, when I came to converse with different Africans, I found they had many horses amongst them, and much larger than those I then saw.

4. Equiano Olaudah Equiano. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano.Olaudah Equiano (17451797) was an Ibo who lived in what is today Nigeria. http://campus.northpark.edu/history/classes/Sources/Equiano.html

Olaudah Equiano The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) was an Ibo who lived in what is today Nigeria. At the age of 10 he was captured by African slavers and sold to European slavers. He was given a European education, and eventually, he became one of the most important and articulate opponents of slavery. In this excerpt from his autobiography he describes he life in Africa. As our manners are simple, our luxuries are few. The dress of both sexes are nearly the same. It generally consists of a long piece of calico, or muslin, wrapped loosely round the body, somewhat in the form of a Highland plaid. This is usually dyed blue, which is our favourite colour. It is extracted from a berry and is brighter and richer than any I have seen in Europe. Besides this, our women of distinction wear golden ornaments, which they dispose with some profusion on their arms and legs. When our women are not employed with the men in tillage their usual occupation is spinning and weaving cotton, which they afterwards dye and make into garments. They also manufacture earthen vessels, of which we have many kinds. Among the rest tobacco pipes, made after the same fashion and used in the same manner, as those in Turkey. As we live in a country where nature is prodigal of her favors our wants are few and easily supplied; of course we have few manufactures. They consist for the most part of calicoes, earthen ware, ornaments, and instruments of war and husbandry. But these make no part of our commerce, the principal articles of which, as I have observed, are provisions. In such a state money is of little use; however, we have some small pieces of coin, if I may call them such. They are made something like an anchor but I do not remember either their value or denomination. We have also markets, at which I have been frequently with my mother. These are sometimes visited by stout, mahogany-colored men from the southwest of us; we call them

5. The Life Of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African TIMELINE OF THE LIFE OF equiano olaudah 1745 Born in West Africa. 1797 EquianoOlaudah dies at age 52 and is buried in Cambridgeshire, England. http://www.wmich.edu/dialogues/texts/lifeofolaudahequano.htm

The Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African Dialogues Notes Links Teaching ... Citations "I believe there are a few events in my life which have not happened to many." With this understatement, Olaudah Equiano begins his interesting narrative. At the age of 11, Olaudah Equiano was abducted from his Ibo village in West Africa (presently in the area of Benin) and was sold into slavery. Approximately thirty years later, as an emancipated slave, he published his autobiography. At the time of his death in 1797, his memoir had gone through nine editions, including translations for European readers, and was a best seller of the day. It was a powerful influence for the abolition of slavery, especially in Great Britain. The boy Equiano was destined for a life of distinction in his society, when slavers kidnapped him and his younger sister. His early "slave homes" in Africa presented a "humane slavery", he was often treated as part of the family. Then his life really changed. He was taken to the coast for shipment to the Barbados. This was Equiano's first encounter with the white man. At first he feared being killed and eaten by them. Equiano describes in Chapter 2, the horrors of the voyage from Africa to the New World. He was sent to the Virginia Colony after not being sold in Barbados. In Virginia he was eventually purchased by Michael Pascal, an officer in the British Navy.

6. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano,or Gustavus Vassa, the African (London, 1789; vol. I) Hanover http://history.hanover.edu/texts/equiano/equiano_contents.html

Olaudah Equiano The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (London, 1789; vol. I) Hanover Historical Texts Project Scanned and proofread by Kathleen Diekhoff, May 1998. Proofread and posted by Raluca Preotu, August 1999. Proofread and pages added by Jonathan Perry, March 2001. Table of Contents Epistle Dedicatory "To the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain." Chapter I The author's account of his country, and their manners and customsAdministration of justice EmbrencheMarriage ceremony, and public entertainmentsMode of living-DressManufactures BuildingsCommerce AgricultureWar and religionSuperstition of the nativesFuneral ceremonies of the priests or magiciansCurious mode of discovering poisonSome hints concerning the origin of the author's countrymen, with the opinions of different writers on that subject. Chapter II The author's birth and parentageHis being kidnapped with his sisterTheir separation-surprise at meeting againAre finally separatedAccount of the different places and incidents the author met with till his arrival on the coastThe effect the sight of a slave ship had on himHe sails for the West IndiesHorrors of a slave shipArrives at Barbadoes, where the cargo is sold and dispersed. Chapter III The author is carried to VirginiaHis distressSurprise at seeing a picture and a watchIs bought by Captain Pascal, and sets out for EnglandHis terror during the voyageArrives in EnglandHis Wonder at a fall of snowIs sent to Guernsey and in some time goes on board a ship of war with his masterSome account of the expedition against Louisbourg under the command of Admiral Boscawen in 1758.

7. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (17451797) Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in thevillage of Isseke in what is now Nigeria. At age eleven, he http://www.virginia.edu/~history/courses/fall.97/hius323/equiano.html

Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in the village of Isseke in what is now Nigeria. At age eleven, he was kidnapped by African slave traders, purchased by Europeans, and sent to the Americas in 1756. He lived briefly in Virginia before being bought by an officer in the British navy and working for several years on British warships. After being sold to a Quaker merchant in the Caribbean, Equiano worked, saved money, and purchased his own freedom in 1766. Following his self-emancipation, Equiano lived primarily in England and worked in the slave trade into the 1770s. By the 1780s, however, he was deeply involved in the growing antislavery movement in the United States and Britain. In 1789 he published his Narrative, one of the first written by a former slave. The story of his capture and sale to Virginia is the story of many of the half million Africans brought to what would become the United States. Select Bibliography: Acholonu, Catherine Obianuju, "The Home of Olaudah Equiano A Linguistic and Anthropological Search," The Journal of Commonwealth Literature

8. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, Olaudah Equiano, an Ibo from Nigeria,was just 11 years old when he was kidnapped into slavery. http://aalbc.com/authors/olaudah.htm

AALBC Home Author Index Back Author Home ... Buy Any Book Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa They...Carry off as many as they can seize A multitude of people...chained together Olaudah Equiano offers a first- hand account of his arrival in the West-Indies Religion " THEY...CARRY OFF AS MANY AS THEY CAN SEIZE " Olaudah Equiano, an Ibo from Nigeria, was just 11 years old when he was kidnapped into slavery. He was held captive in West Africa for seven months and then sold to British slavers, who shipped him to Barbados and then took him to Virginia. After serving a British naval officer, he was sold to a Quaker merchant from Philadelphia who allowed him to purchase his freedom in 1766. In later life, he played an active role in the movement to abolish the slave trade. Source: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African (London, 1789). " A MULTITUDE OF BLACK PEOPLE...CHAINED TOGETHER " Olaudah Equiano vividly recounts the shock and isolation that he felt during the Middle Passage to Barbados and his fear that the European slavers would eat him. I took a little down my palate, which, instead of reviving me as they thought it would, threw me into the greatest consternation at the strange feeling it produced, having never tasted such liquor before. Soon after this, the blacks who had brought me on board went off and left me abandoned to despair.

9. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano Click here to start. Download PowerPoint here. Table of Contents;OLAUDAH EQUIANO 174597; EQUIANO; THE INTERESTING NARRATIVE OF OLAUDAH EQUIANO; http://www.fsu.edu/~CandI/ENGLISH/power/equiano/

Olaudah Equiano Click here to start Scroll down on each slide to view the speaker notes. Download PowerPoint here Table of Contents OLAUDAH EQUIANO 1745-97 EQUIANO THE INTERESTING NARRATIVE OF OLAUDAH EQUIANO JOHN ADAMS ... About the Author of this PowerPoint

10. Error 404 Olaudah Equiano. Written and Composed by Jennifer McClaflin. The PBS Africansin America site has a wealth of information on Olaudah Equiano. http://www.smsu.edu/emm605f/equiano.html

Southwest Missouri State University Error 404 We're sorry, but we were unable to find the page you requested: http://www.smsu.edu/emm605f/equiano.html Please try the following options: Verify you typed the correct web address, or URL (Uniform Resource Locator). Use SMSU's search site to search for the content you wish to access. Please email the web coordinator if this problem persists. Site index a b c d ... z Select a category or use advanced search Entire web site Department names Course web pages Enter keyword: HOME Southwest Missouri State University URL: Maintained by Web Coordinator Last Modified: November 18, 2002

11. Equianno Olaudah equiano olaudah INVESTIGATE? Further Reading The life of OlaudahEquiano, ed Paul Edwards, (EssexLongman GroupUK, 1989. Staying http://www.blacknet.co.uk/history/Equiano.html

Olaudah Equiano O laudah Equiano, later to be known as (Gustavus Vassa) was born in what is Today Nigeria, kidnapped from his African village at the age of eleven, and sold to a Virginia planter. He was later bought by a British naval Officer, Captain Pascal, as a present for his cousins in London. Equiano bought his freedom after ten years of enslavement throughout the North American continent, where he assisted his merchant slave master and worked as a seaman, At the age of forty four he wrote and published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African. Written by Himself, which he registered at Stationer's Hall, London, in 1789. More than two centuries later, this work is recognised not only as one of the first works Published in England by an African. Equiano recalls his childhood in Essaka, where he was adorned in the tradition of the "greatest warriors." He is unique in his recollection of traditional African life before the advent of the European slave trade. Equiano was extremely well travelled for his time. He not only travelled throughout the Americas, Turkey and the Mediterranean; but also participated in major naval battles during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), as well as in the search for a Northwest passage led by the Philips expedition of 1772-1773. Equiano also records his central role, along with

12. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano. Olaudah Equiano. http://cla.calpoly.edu/~jbattenb/amlit/oequiano.html

Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano

13. The Life Of Olaudah Equiano Click to enlage The Life of Olaudah equiano olaudah Equiano. Our Price, $2.00.Availability In Stock. (Usually ships in 24 to 48 hours). Format Book. http://store.doverpublications.com/048640661x.html

American History, American...... American Indians Anthropology, Folklore, My...... Antiques Architecture Art Bridge and Other Card Game...... Chess Children Cookbooks, Nutrition Crafts Detective Stories, Science...... Ethnic Interest Gift Certificates Gift Ideas History, Political Science...... Holidays Humor Languages And Linguistics Literature Magic, Legerdemain Military History, Weapons ...... Music Nature Performing Arts, Drama, Fi...... Philosophy And Religion Photography Puzzles, Amusement, Recrea...... Reference Science and Mathematics Sports, Out-of-door Activi...... Stationery, Gift Sets Summer Fun Shop Travel and Adventure Women's Studies By Subject Literature Dover Thrift Editions Non-Fiction The Life of Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano Our Price Availability: In Stock (Usually ships in 24 to 48 hours) Format: Book ISBN: Page Count: Dimensions: 5 3/16 x 8 1/4 Compelling work traces the formidable journey of an Igbo prince from captivity to freedom and literacy and recounts his enslavement in the New World, service in the Seven Years War with General Wolfe in Canada, voyages to the Arctic with the Phipps expedition of 1772–73, six months among the Miskito Indians in Central America, and a grand tour of the Mediterranean as a personal servant to an English gentlemen. Skillfully written, with a wealth of engrossing detail, this powerful narrative deftly illustrates the nature of the black experience in slavery. Buy Now!

14. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano,or Gustavus Vassa, the African (London, 1789) Chapter I. http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~lbhis/afamstudies/Equiano.htm

Olaudah Equiano The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (London, 1789) Chapter I The author's account of his country, and their manners and customsAdministration of justice As our manners are simple, our luxuries are few. The dress of both sexes is nearly the same. It generally consists of a long piece of calico, or muslin, wrapped loosely round the [Page 12] body, somewhat in the form of a highland plaid. This is usually dyed blue, which is our favourite colour. It is extracted from a berry, and is brighter and richer than any I have seen in Europe. Besides this, our women of distinction wear golden ornaments, which they dispose with some profusion on their arms and legs. When our women are not employed with the men in tillage, their usual occupation is spinning and weaving cotton, which they afterwards dye, and make it into garments. They also manufacture earthen vessels, of which we have many kinds. Among the rest tobacco pipes, made after the same fashion, and used in the same manner, as those in Turkey. As we live in a country where nature [Page 18] is prodigal of her favours, our wants are few and easily supplied; of course we have few manufactures. They consist for the most part of calicoes, earthern ware, ornaments, and instruments of war and husbandry. But these make no part of our commerce, the principal articles of which, as I have observed, are provisions. In such a state money is of little use; however we have some small pieces of coin, if I may call them such. They are made something like an anchor; but I do not remember either their value or denomination. We have also markets, at which I have been frequently with my mother. These are sometimes visited by stout mahogany-coloured men from the south west of us: we call them Oye-Eboe, which term signifies red men living at a distance. They generally bring us fire-arms, gunpowder, [Page 19] hats, beads, and dried fish. The last we esteemed a great rarity, as our waters were only brooks and springs.

15. BasaUk-Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano. One of the central figures in the history of 'Black'peoples in Britain was Olaudah Equiano. He was born in about http://www.basauk.com/o_equiano.htm

Olaudah Equiano One of the central figures in the history of 'Black' peoples in Britain was Olaudah Equiano. He was born in about 1745 in what is now Nigeria, kidnapped, sold into slavery and shipped to the West Indies. As a slave he saw naval action in the Mediterranean with his first master. He was then sold to a Quaker merchant in Montserrat who used hirn mainly as a seaman/trader. By trading on his own account he was able to accumulate £40 to purchase his freedom. After many adventures he came to England, became a hairdresser, but soon returned to sea. His work took him to Turkey, Nicaragua and the North Pole, on a voyage of exploration. Back in England he applied to be a missionary in West Africa, but his application was refused. He was then employed as a servant for a number of years. In 1786 he was appointed Commissary to the Sierra Leone venture. (In the 1700s the 'Black' population in London increased with the arrival of Black Loyalists from America. These were 'Black' slaves who had fought for Britain in the American War of Independence in return for their freedom. When Britain lost the war with the American colonists they came to Britain.) The Government decided to support a plan by some philanthropists to send the Black Poor to Sierra Leone. Equiano criticised the management of the venture and alleged that one of the other officials was stealing provisions. Eventually some four hundred people embarked for Sierfa Leone. Equiano was dismissed frorn his post Equiano's autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustuvus Vasa the African (1789), is a very detailed record of his experiences in Britain, the West Indies and America; an account of his personal quest for freedom as well as an attack on the whole system of slavery and slave trading.

16. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (17451797). The Life of Olaudah Equiano, The British Library, UnitedKingdom Includes a longish excerpt from Volume 1 of Equiano's narrative. http://library.marist.edu/diglib/english/englishliterature/17th-18thc-authors/eq

17. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (17451797). The Interesting Life of Olaudah Equiano,Princeton University Provides excerpts from Equiano's autobiography http://library.marist.edu/diglib/english/americanliterature/colonial-early-amer-

18. OLAUDAH EQUIANO OLAUDAH EQUIANO (1745 1797) Olaudah Equiano was probably born in present dayNigeria to a royal family. He probably spoke Ibo as his native tongue. http://www4.ncsu.edu:8030/~wdlloyd/olaudah_equiano.htm

OLAUDAH EQUIANO (1745 - 1797) Olaudah Equiano was probably born in present day Nigeria to a royal family. He probably spoke Ibo as his native tongue. At eleven , he and his sister were captured by African slavers and immediately separated. Equiano only saw his sister one more time before being separated permanently. This separation and his lack of power to rescue his sister haunted him for the rest of his life. He traveled west with the slavers, serving many masters before being sold to white traders going to the West Indies. When he landed in Virginia in 1757, he was sold to Michael Henry Pascal who promptly renamed him Gustavus Vassa, and it was during one of his many trips with Pascal that Equiano met Richard Baker, a crewman who taught him the basics of the English language and its culture. With the advent of the Seven Year's War, Pascal promised Equiano his freedom in exchange for his service, so Equiano served in Canada, the Mediterranean, and France. When the war ended, however, Pascal rewarded his slave's service by taking all of his personal property and selling him to a slaver going to the West Indies. Equiano was sold to a Quaker merchant named Robert King who loaned him to a sea captain named Thomas Farmer. After three years of working for himself while managing King's business, Equiano was able to buy his freedom for seventy pounds. He stayed with King as a paid employee for several years before he began his travels. He visited England, the North Pole, Turkey, Portugal, Spain, Honduras, and Nicaragua before settling permanently in London.

19. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano. Holton's Intro. Olaudah Equiano was a member of the Ibo (he spellsit Eboe ) ethnic group, which still exists today, in modernday Nigeria. http://oncampus.richmond.edu/~aholton/121readings_html/equiano1.html

Olaudah Equiano Holton's Intro Olaudah Equiano was a member of the Ibo (he spells it "Eboe") ethnic group, which still exists today, in modern-day Nigeria. In 1756, Equiano was captured in Essaka, his homeland, which was part of the Ibo country. A slaveship carried him to America, where he was eventually sold to an English sea-captain. During his years as a sailor, Equiano was able to save enough money to purchase his own freedom. Later he became a leader in the campaign to abolish slavery. It was in 1789, during his days as an abolitionist that Equiano wrote his autobiography. The purpose of this reading is not to learn about slavery itselfwe will do that later. Instead the goal is to learn about some of the African cultures from which the slaves were drawn. Study questions on Equiano How was Equiano's life as a slave in Africa different from the image you have of slavery in America? What does Equiano's narrative tell you about the African side of the slave trade? For instance, how were slaves acquired? Study questions for comparing Equiano's and Ayuba Suleiman's homelands Pretend you didn't care about the individuals Equiano and Suleiman at all. Imagine that you are a reporter trying to describe the cultures they represent.

20. Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano,or Gustavas Vassa, the African (1789). Background and Study Questions. http://www2.hanover.edu/meden/equianosq.htm

Olaudah Equiano The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African Background and Study Questions (Some of this information comes from British Literature 1780-1830 . Eds. Anne K. Mellor and Richard E. Matlack. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996. 53-55) By 1775 the triangular slave trade had reached its peak. There were three parts of triangle: l. per from 38,000 to 42,000 Africans a year. person (Many African tribes sold slaves they had captured from other tribes to the whites—the difference is that African tribes incorporated such slaves into their family life, and couldn't imagine the way whites would treat these slaves in the New World.) Here they were sold for average of 35 l. each. l. to 1,000,000 l. a year. In 1778 Prime Minister William Pitt (the younger) introduced the first bill to regulate the slave trade. Equiano publishes The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African in 1789. As the introduction says, it sold 5,000 copies (that's good!) and had a strong effect on the repeal of the Slave-Act. In 1807 the slave trade was legally abolished, although the trade continued, the institution of slavery continued in the colonies, and debate over the trade's continuance raged on until 1833, when slavery was abolished in entire British empire.

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